Wales Occupations

Knowing an ancestor’s occupation can help you distinguish him from other individuals with the same name. The records associated with your ancestor’s occupation could provide information about his life and family.

Some occupations are more likely to have records about the people in those occupations than others. There are many records of people in trades such as bootmakers, tailors, watchmakers and so on.

To learn a trade, an individual had to be apprenticed. Depending on a person’s social standing, he could be apprenticed by his parents or by a parish or charity. When a person was apprenticed, a record called an indenture was usually created. It was a legal agreement that bound the apprentice to serve a number of years, usually seven. Indentures usually contain the names of the apprentice and the master who would teach him, the master’s trade and residence, the terms of apprenticeship, and sometimes the name, occupation, and residence of the apprentice’s father. Indentures are the only surviving records for some occupations, like carpentry, stone masonry, and weaving.

Starting in 1710, a tax was levied on apprenticeship indentures, except those of poor children. For more information on the apprenticeship tax, see Wales Taxation.

Parishes and certain charities indentured poor children as apprentices. These records may survive in parish records. For more information on the apprenticeship indentures for poor children in parish records, see Wales Church Records.

After learning the trade, the apprentice became a journeyman. A journeyman was an employee who received wages and continued to refine his skills.

The level after a journeyman was a master. A master was the most skilled craftsman or the owner of the business where the trade was practiced.

Craftsmen such as clock makers, gold and silver smiths, coach makers, and so forth worked in Welsh towns and boroughs rather than in farming and mining areas.

In large cities craftsmen would often band together and form a guild. Welsh towns and boroughs were not large enough to have separate guilds for individual trades and crafts, so men from different occupations formed associations of burgesses to regulate and control the market. Burgesses were inhabitants of a chartered town, and they were freemen who owed no obligation to a feudal lord. They did pay rent and other dues to a lord, but they were more free than other inhabitants.

Freemen borough records are more useful than apprenticeship records, often providing ages, parentage, occupation, and sometimes place of origin (if other than the borough).

Doctors, lawyers, ministers, and other professionals were educated at British schools and universities rather than through apprenticeships. While not members of guilds, they did have organizations that published biographical directories of members and sometimes histories.

Definitions of occupations can be found in:


 * Murray, Sir James A.H., ed. Oxford English Dictionary. 13 vols plus supps. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1933–. (Family History Library book .)

A bibliography of sources for occupations can be found in:


 * Raymond, Stuart A. 2nd ed.Occupational Sources for Genealogists. Birmingham, England: Federation of Family History Societies (Publications) Ltd., 1996. (Family History Library book 1996.)

Occupational histories, records, and related items can be found in county record offices and at the National Library of Wales. Those found at the Family History Library are listed in the Place Search of the FamilySearch Catalog under:


 * WALES - OCCUPATIONS


 * WALES, [COUNTY] - OCCUPATIONS


 * WALES, [COUNTY], [PARISH] - OCCUPATIONS

City and borough records: Guild, apprentice and freeman
Research use: Family linkage, apprenticeship and  succession of father to son is found in freedom records. Movement from birthplace, to place of apprenticeship provides lineage connection.

Record type: Apprenticeship, freedom records, land and probate records.

Time period: 17th century to present.

Contents: Apprenticeship indentures:  Dates, name of father, occupation of apprentice, age and sometimes birthplace, residence, name, address and occupation of masters. Apprenticeship record books: Dates, name of apprentice and master, sometimes residence. Records of freeman: Dates, name of freeman, father, place of residence, occupation, some lineage linkage.

Location: National Library of Wales, County Record Offices.

Population coverage: 30%.

Reliability: Very good.

Websites about occupations

 * Welsh Mines
 * Welsh Mariners
 * Welsh Coal Mines
 * Coal Mines in South Wales-Ancestry
 * Mines of Wales
 * Welsh Mining Disasters