Canada Census, 1881 - FamilySearch Historical Records

Collection Time Period
The first national Canadian census was conducted in 1881.

Record History
Following the Constitution Act, 1867, census taking became a federal mandate. The first census was set for 1871 and every ten years thereafter. Therefore, the second national Canadian census was conducted in 1881. Enumeration was by census district, except for Prince Edward Island, which was enumerated by lot number. Census districts were voting districts, not counties, although most have the same names as counties. For the most part, census districts were synonymous with cities and counties, and subdistricts were synonymous with towns, townships, and city wards. Villages, small towns, and parishes were generally enumerated as part of the township in which they were located. Census district and county boundaries were not always the same.

Why this Record Was Created
Canadian census records were taken to enumerate the population for representation, taxation, and other purposes.

Record Reliability
The accuracy of the census depended on the knowledge of the informant as anyone in the household, or even neighbors, could give information to the census taker. Some information may have been incorrect or falsified.

Record Description
Census schedules were taken on large sheets of paper with preprinted rows and columns. The schedules were organized by province and then by census districts and subdistricts. The census contains the following nine schedules arranged within subdistricts: 1) Nominal return of the living; 2) Nominal return of the deaths within last twelve months; 3) Return of public institutions, real estate, vehicles and implements; 4) Return of cultivated land, of field products and of plants and fruits; 5) Livestock, animal products, home-made fabrics and furs; 6) Return of industrial establishments; 7) Return of products of the forest; 8) Return of shipping and fisheries; and 9) Return of mineral products.

Record Content

 * Important genealogical information in the census includes:
 * Full name
 * Age (can be used to calculate an approximate birth year)
 * Sex
 * Born within the last 12 months
 * Birthplace
 * Religion
 * Ethnic origin
 * Occupation
 * Married or widowed
 * Town, village, township, or subdistrict of residence

How to Use the Record
Canadian census records are the best source for quickly identifying a family group and their residence. Use the residence, birthplace, and age given in the census for each person to search other record types. Since the census attempted to record all the people living in a household, it may identify individuals for whom other records do not exist.

Related Websites
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Sources of This Collection
Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario

How to Cite Your Sources
Instruction for citing this source can be found at: Cite Your Sources (Source Footnotes)