Ireland Emigration and Immigration

Emigration records are records of people leaving a country. Immigration records are records of people entering a country. Records of emigration and immigration include passenger lists, permissions to emigrate, records of passports issued, lists of transported prisoners, and registers of assistance to emigrate. These records may contain the name, age, occupation, destination, place of origin or birthplace, date of departure, and date and ship of arrival of the person immigrating or emigrating. Names of fellow passengers may suggest familial relationships or provide hints about a passenger's place of origin or destination.

Many emigration and immigration sources not discussed in this section are listed in:

Smith, Frank''. Smith's Inventory of Genealogical Sources: Ireland''. (Family History Library book Ref 941.5 D23s.)

A more detailed discussion of emigration and immigration records is also provided in:

Falley, Margaret Dickson. Irish and Scotch-Irish Ancestral Research. 2 vols. Evanston, Illinois: Margaret Dickson Falley, 1961-62. (Family History Library book Ref 941.5 D27f 2 vols.)

Reasons Irish Emigrated
Our Irish ancestors had many reasons for leaving Ireland. As well many among those remaining in Ireland would have emigrated but were unable to, due to the severe circumstances in which they were placed. The intolerable conditions in Ireland which forced Irish emigrants to leave Ireland were mostly caused by the following four reasons:

Political Culture of Persecution

 * Austere taxation and tithes policies
 * Continual doctrine of ‘Conquer and divide’ policies from medieval times throughout the centuries seized land and evicted native Irish Catholics from their own lands
 * Cruel landlords (not all)
 * Sponsorship of land price increases, allowed to unbearable levels; tossed hoards of already poor families, ‘out onto the street’
 * Disallowance of land ownership for all Catholics
 * ‘Rent-racking’ on land rentals on Catholic farmers forced many to leave, or out onto the streets

Economic

 * British government backed England’s grain exportations—but not Ireland’s; farmers left
 * Grains out of Ireland, were exported to England, while Irish were dying from the famine
 * New farming techniques increased output, decreasing the need for agricultural laborers
 * Manufacturing industries sprang up, causing less emphasis in farming

Social
A culture of religious persecution by the local Protestant-led and British Crown government was manifest in—


 * distrust of Catholics’ loyalty to the Crown

Harsh Penal laws from 1695, stripped all Catholics of their rights to—


 * vote
 * practice law
 * enter a profession
 * hold public office
 * receive an education
 * practice their own religion outside of the Protestant faith
 * serve as officers in British armed forces
 * teach in, or enroll in colleges
 * defend themselves with weapons
 * be employed or an employer in a trade or in commerce
 * build a church or live within 5 miles of the civil parish church
 * own a horse of greater value than five pounds
 * purchase nor lease land
 * hold a life annuity
 * buy or receive a gift of land from a Protestant
 * inherit land or moveables from a Protestant
 * rent any land that was worth more than thirty shillings a year
 * reap from his land any profit exceeding a third of the rent
 * be a guardian to a child
 * leave infant children under Catholic guardianship
 * accept a mortgage on land in security for a loan
 * attend Catholic worship
 * choose between attendance in a Catholic, or a Protestant place of worship
 * educate his child
 * be instructed by a local Catholic teacher nor be educated abroad

Crop Failures

 * Devastating crop failures—especially from 1846 to 1851 killed nearly a million people
 * British government’s lack of food aid to Ireland during The Great Famine forced nearly half the surviving population to leave Ireland
 * Famine brought abject poverty, severe malnutrition inducing poor health, and affected (even to some--death) to 3-4 million Irish

Emigration from Ireland
No records are required for movements within the British Isles (England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Isle of Man, and Channel Islands). Records were not required for free emigrants to the United States until 1773, to Canada until 1865, or to Australia, New Zealand, or South Africa until the twentieth century. There was no systematic, official method of emigration from Ireland. As a result, you may not find emigration records for your Irish ancestor.

Emigration from Ireland began as early as 1603, when people immigrated to areas such as continental Europe, the islands of the Caribbean, the British colonies, and other parts of the British Isles. Emigration increased during periods of civil or religious unrest or famine in Ireland as well as during various gold rushes in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States. The period of greatest emigration began around 1780 and reached its peak from 1845 to 1855, when more than two million people left Ireland because of the potato famine. The following categories of emigrants account for most people who emigrated from Ireland:


 * Free emigrants. Starting in the seventeenth century, emigrants left Ireland to seek opportunity in a new land; to flee religious persecution, poverty, or oppression; and to seek political asylum following rebellion in Ireland.


 * Assisted emigrants. In the nineteenth century, qualified emigrants received passage money or land grants as incentives to emigrate. Assistance was viewed by officials as an alternative to providing poor relief for able-bodied, unemployed workers and for the starving masses during famine. After 1840, colonies such as New Zealand and Australia offered money or land grants to skilled workers to attract needed immigrants.


 * Transported prisoners. From 1611 to 1870, more than fifty thousand Irish criminals were sentenced to deportation to a penal colony for a number of years. Beginning with Irishmen who rebelled against Cromwell's army in 1649, political prisoners were also often deported. Many Irish prisoners were sent to America, primarily to Virginia and Maryland, until 1775. From 1788 to 1869, over forty thousand Irish prisoners were sent to Australia. Many of those deported were later pardoned on the condition that they would never return to Ireland.


 * Military personnel. Soldiers serving overseas were offered land or other inducements to settle in the colony where they were serving when they were discharged. This settlement practice was common for soldiers in Australia from 1791, Canada from 1815, and New Zealand from 1844.

Finding the Emigrant's Place of Origin
Once you have traced your family back to an Irish emigrant ancestor, you must determine the place in Ireland from which that ancestor came. For ancestors who were born, married, or died after 1863 (1845 for some marriages), you may be able to find the place of origin by using the government indexes to birth, marriage, and death registrations.

You may also learn your ancestor's place of origin by talking to family members or through documents (in an archive or library or in the possession of a relative), such as birth, marriage, and death certificates, obituaries, gravestone inscriptions, journals, photographs, letters, family Bibles, military records, society and lodge records, land petitions and deeds, church records, naturalization applications and petitions, passenger lists, newspaper announcements or articles, passports, and family heirlooms.

Records of Irish Emigrants in Their Destination Countries
Immigration records of the country to which your ancestor immigrated may help you determine your ancestor's place of origin, occupation, and age. Knowing an approximate date and port of arrival or the name of the ship on which your ancestor sailed will help you search immigration records. Many immigration records are held in repositories, usually in the destination country. The immigration records that are available at the Family History Library are generally listed in the Place Search of the catalog under: [DESTINATION COUNTRY] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION

United States.

Immigrant lists from the various ports of entry provide the most information on Irish immigrants to the United States. While several ports of entry existed, the majority of Irish immigrants came through New York. The following published lists and indexes of information on Irish immigrants to America are found in the Family History Library's US/Canada collection:

Filby, P. William and Mary K. Meyer, eds. Passenger and Immigration Lists Index. 3 vols. plus supps. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Co., 1981-. (Family History Library book Ref 973 W32p.) This ongoing series indexes more than 1,000 published lists of Irish immigrants to the United States.

Filby, P. William and Mary K. Meyer, eds. Passenger and Immigrations Lists Bibliography, 1538-1900. 2d ed. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Co., 1988. (Family History Library book 973 W33p 1988.) This bibliography references over 2,500 published lists of Irish immigrants to the United States that will eventually be included in Filby's Passenger and Immigrations Lists Index.

Glazier, Ira A., ed. The Famine Emigrants: Lists of Irish Immigrants Arriving at the Port of New York, 1846-51. 7 vols. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1983-86. (Family History Library book Ref Q 974.71 W3f.) These volumes contain many lists and indexes of Irish immigrants to the United States.

Harris, Ruth-Ann M., and Donald M. Jacobs, eds. The Search for Missing Friends: Irish Immigrant Advertisements Placed in the "Boston Pilot." 3 vols. Boston, Massachusetts: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1989-93. (Family History Library book Ref 974.461 H29s.) These volumes list more than ten thousand Irish immigrants to the United States and their places of origin. The information is based on advertisements run between 1831 and 1856.

Lists of passengers arriving at most U.S. ports after 1820 are available at the Family History Library. Many are indexed. For more information on these lists and indexes, see the United States Research Outline.

To learn more about the emigration process and life on board an American-bound emigrant ship, see the following book:

Coleman, Terry. Going To America. New York, New York: Pantheon Books, 1972. (Family History Library book 973 W2cg.)

To find United States immigration records at the Family History Library, look in the Place Search of the catalog under:

UNITED STATES - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION

Canada.

From 1815 to 1850, Canada was the primary destination of Irish emigrants. Until 1900, the major ports of immigrant arrivals were Quebec City and Halifax. After 1900, arrivals were more widespread. Canadian passenger lists are rare before 1865. Those from 1865 to 1900 are available at the Family History Library.

Australia.

In 1788, Australia was founded as a British penal colony. Australian immigration records vary in content and coverage by state. Some contain such details as the immigrant's birthplace; residence in Britain; education; mother's maiden name; and father's name, occupation, and residence. Some are indexed. In Australia, immigration records are kept at state archives. Most pre-1900 Australian immigration records are available at the Family History Library and are listed in the Place Search of the catalog under: AUSTRALIA, [STATE] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION RECORDS

New Zealand.

In 1840 the British began colonizing New Zealand. Most immigrants to New Zealand received some form of assistance either from the New Zealand Company or from a government or church association set up to encourage immigration. Besides the age, origin, and occupation, New Zealand immigration records usually include additional details such as the wife's and children's names and ages and details of settlement. Many New Zealand immigration records are available at the Family History Library and are listed in the Locality Search of the catalog under:

NEW ZEALAND, [PROVINCE] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION RECORDS

Argentina.

A number Irish emigrants were enticed to settle in Argentina. Various books and articles provide information about Irish migration to Argentina. Most are in English but a few were published in Spanish.


 * Mulvany, Peter. "The Argentine Republic Emigration Scheme." Journal of the Genealogical Society of Ireland. 10 (2009): 46-9. Dún Laoghaire, Co. Dublin : Genealogical Society of Ireland, 2000

Naturalization records in the destination country can be more helpful than immigration records in determining your ancestor's place of origin. To learn more about naturalization records, consult the "Naturalization and Citizenship" section of the destination country's research outline, if available, or see Tracing Immigrant Origins.

British Records of Irish Emigration
Many records of Irish emigration are kept in England. To effectively search these records, it helps to know the approximate date of emigration, the ship in which your ancestor emigrated, the type of or reason for emigration, or the previous residence of your ancestor in Britain. If you know the ship name, Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping, 1776-1880(LaCrosse, Wisconsin: Brookhaven Press, 1981; Family History Library fiche 6024581-5194 6025259-95, 6053006-7; not available at Family History Centers) may provide additional details on the ship, including ports of embarkation and arrival. Once you have gathered background information, you can search British emigration records including:

Passenger lists. Passenger lists are port records listing departing or arriving passengers. British passenger departure lists are rare before 1890. From January 1890, records were kept of passengers departing from ports in England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. These lists usually give the emigrant's name, age, occupation, departure date, address in the United Kingdom, and sometimes destination. These records are arranged by date and by port of departure. They are kept at the Public Record Office, Kew. The Family History Library does not have copies of these records. Therefore, you may want to check Irish emigrant lists that have been compiled from these records and published in recent years by such authors as Ira A. Glazier, Michael Tepper, and Brian Mitchell.

Assisted emigrant registers. Assisted emigrant registers list people applying for assistance to emigrate. These records often contain the petitioner's name, age, occupation, residence, destination, name of sponsor, address of relative, and size of family. The registers available at the Family History Library appear in the Place Search of the catalog under the following headings:

IRELAND - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION

GREAT BRITAIN - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION

Immigration into Ireland
Immigrants to Ireland came primarily from elsewhere within the British Isles or from continental Europe by way of England. Specific groups of immigrants included refugees from various wars (such as the French Revolution), Huguenots, Germans, and Jews. Ireland kept no official immigration records, so you must rely primarily on (1) English records of immigrants who passed through England on their way to Ireland and (2) emigration records of the country from which your ancestor moved.

No consistent records of arrivals into the United Kingdom were kept until 1836. Beginning in 1836, certificates of entering aliens were kept. These are arranged by port. They provide name, nationality, profession, date of arrival, country last visited, and the signature of the alien. The Public Records Office, Kew has an alphabetical index to these certificates.

Beginning in 1878, passenger lists were kept of those entering the United Kingdom (see "British Records of Irish Emigration" in this section). Passenger lists no longer exist for the years between 1878 and 1883. Records surviving from 1883 to 1891 are for the Irish ports of Cork (Queenstown), Londonderry, and Belfast. After 1891 the records are more complete. However, passengers from Europe or the Mediterranean are rarely listed. These passenger lists are arranged by port and are kept at the Public Record Office, Kew.

One good, though limited, source of information on British immigrants, especially for before 1836, is naturalization and denization records.

Other sources of information on people entering Ireland include court records, state papers, and plantation and settlement records.

The Family History Library has few records of immigration into Ireland. The sources the library does have are mostly published works. They are listed in the Place Search of the catalog under the following headings:

IRELAND - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION

ENGLAND - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION

GREAT BRITAIN - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION

The library may have emigration records of the country from which your ancestor moved. These are listed in the Locality Search of the catalog under:

[COUNTRY OF ORIGIN] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION