FamilySearch Wiki:Manual of Style

A wiki manual of style (or style guide) is a set of standards for the design and writing of wiki articles. The guide provides direction for visual and technical aspects as well as prose style, grammar, punctuation, spelling, and wiki etiquette. The consistent use of style guidelines provides uniformity in style and formatting of wiki articles, making them easier for readers to understand and utilize.

General Principles
Respectful interactions: Comments and edits should be made with respect for other users and contributors. FamilySearch Wiki:Etiquette Guidelines

Alternate research techniques: The techniques that genealogists employ while working on their family histories are very individualized. Rather than editing and reediting an article to suit an individual method for finding alternate information or different techniques, these things may be suggested in an additional section such as: "Other ways to find the information."

Appropriate content: Content and images must be appropriate to the FamilySearch Research Wiki. Inappropriate content or links will be deleted.

Neutrality: Articles should be as neutral as possible. Descriptions should state facts and avoid negative or positive judgements. Using phrases such as "settlers from western Europe" rather than "poor, uneducated peasants" presents factual information without negativity. Avoid hype and exaggeration.

Simplicity: Writing should be clear and simple. When a term is used that may be unfamiliar to readers (for example, "gazetteer"), it should be defined the first time it appears in the body of an article as in this sentence: "In some areas newspapers were called gazetteers." Avoid using specialized terms or acronyms when a common term is available. As much as possible, the information should be understandable by every reader, even when English is not the user's first language.

Bylines
Everyone can contribute to FamilySearch Wiki. Pages are not owned by anyone exclusively. Since anyone can work on a page, the original author of a page may see work expanded and changed by others. When a contributor adds to or edits a wiki page, ownership of the content is relinquished to the community. This relinquishment of content to the community is stated not only in a policy page but also in the editing screen everyone uses to add content. For these reasons, bylines are not appropriate on wiki pages. If information is added to the wiki from a specific published work, it is appropriate to cite that work in a footnote, but it is not appropriate to "retain ownership" of a page through use of a byline.

Grammar and Style
Every contributor is important: Even though users may be concerned about their writing skills and may feel inadequate for the task, their contributions are needed. The information they possess may not be obtainable by other users and is valuable to the wiki in any form. Other members of the wiki community can edit and polish the writing while focusing on keeping the content and original information intact.

Consistent grammar style within an article: Grammar styles may vary by location and preference. Whatever style is chosen by the original contributor should be consistently maintained throughout the article. Other contributors and editors should follow the original style.

Complete sentences: Write with complete sentences (sentences that contain a subject and verb). Complete sentences are easier to understand, especially when English is not the reader's native language. The command form (which has an implied subject) is considered a complete sentence.


 * Correct
 * Parish records were kept from 1770 to 1932.

Shorter sentences that express one idea: As much as possible, write with shorter sentences that express one idea. They are easier to understand, especially when English is not a user's native language.


 * Correct
 * This is an index to some birth and christening records from Arizona. The records cover 1909 through 1917. The index is not necessarily complete for any particular place or region.

Neutral tone: Writing should be factual and avoid stereotypes, judgments, and gender bias. However, quotes should not be changed to meet this guideline. If the quote has the potential to offend, find another quote.

Avoid using “he or she": As much as possible, avoid using “he or she” and “his or hers" (for example, “He or she can use the index to find his or her ancestor’s record quickly”). Do not use the plural pronoun “they” to replace “he or she.” Often, the problem can be solved by rewriting the sentence:


 * Correct
 * Indexes can be used to find ancestral records quickly.

Avoid mixing pronouns and antecedents. For clarity, pronouns should be used correctly. If needed, rewrite the sentence or repeat the noun.


 * Incorrect
 * If a person wants to succeed in genealogy, you have to know how to search the records.
 * Correct
 * If you want to succeed in genealogy, you have to know how to search the records.

Avoiding “we” and “I”: Contributors should not use “we” or “I” to refer to themselves and others in the wiki community.


 * Correct
 * Differing opinions can be added to the Talk page to get input from the wiki community.
 * Incorrect
 * We want differing opinions added to the Talk page to get input from the wiki community.

Ampersand (&amp;): Do not replace the word “and” with an ampersand (&amp;).


 * Exception
 * If the ampersand is part of an official name, use the ampersand.

Accepted authority: When there is uncertainty about grammar, follow an accepted authority such as the Chicago Manual of Style.

Using the Talk page: If differing opinions about a grammatical issue cannot be resolved by referring to an accepted authority, the opinions should be added to the Talk page for input from the wiki community.

Name a new article
Before creating a new article, check to ensure that another article does not already exist for the topic.


 * Unique titles: No two articles may have the same title.
 * Avoid duplication: If an article already exists for the same topic, edit the existing article rather than creating a new article.
 * Specific but short titles: Titles should be as short as possible but specific enough that users can identify the topic of the article when it appears in the search results. Avoid clever but unclear titles as they will be difficult to find using the search feature. Remove unnecessary words or punctuation.
 * Common terms: Titles should use common terms that users might search for. A well chosen name for a new article can be very helpful to users and make it easier for search engines to guide users to the most relevant wiki article.
 * Get input: Consider consulting with an experienced wiki contributor if you have questions.

Capitalization in article titles
In titles, use sentence-style capitalization, which means that only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized. (For some wiki capabilities, sentence capitalization is required.) Do not list words all in capitals unless the word is an acronym.


 * Exception: The historical records collections in FamilySearch.org use book title capitalization.

Other rules apply when citing sources within wiki articles. See FamilySearch Wiki:Source Citation Format.

Place names
Places listed in ascending order: If a city or county is listed in a title, at least the state, province, or country where the place is located should also be listed. The place is listed in ascending order (smallest place to largest). Unlike most genealogy software place name conventions, the word "county" should be included in the title of an article about a particular county.


 * Exception: The titles of historical records collections in FamilySearch.org list places in descending order.

Places that have had different names or jurisdictions: If a place has had more than one name or been in more than one jurisdiction (county, state, province, country, and so on), the current name and jurisdiction should be used in the title. If the article gives information about the place only when it had a specific name or jurisdiction, use those in the title. Redirects can be used to make sure users will find the article regardless of the name or jurisdiction they search for.

Non-English place names: Generally, if a country is listed in the title, use the English name (for example, Germany rather than Deutschland). Search engines pull up a different list of articles depending on the place that is listed in the title. Redirects can be used to make sure users will find the article regardless of which spelling is used.

Places and dates in titles: If the place, country, or time period is important to the content of the article, include them in the title of the article. Add the word "county" in the title if the article is about a county.

Diacritics and quotation marks:
In article titles, you may use words with diacritics (symbols used in other languages) or letters that do not appear in the English alphabet. However, the search engine may not display the article if users search for the English version of the word. Quotation marks should be avoided in article titles.

Punctuation in the title:
Do not end the title with punctuation.

Abbreviations
Abbreviations, including US postal codes, should not be used in article titles or text because abbreviations can mean different things in different parts of the world. For example, the abbreviation CA could mean either California or Canada, depending on the reader's nationality.

For more information about naming conventions, see also Help:Naming Conventions.

Italics
In a title, italicize only the titles of books and ships.

Rename an existing article
Renaming an article requires moving the content of the article to a page with a different name. Articles may need to be renamed to correct an error, or to better state the purpose of the article. If it is likely that the page has been widely viewed and bookmarked, a "redirect" should be placed on the old article following the move. After the content has been moved to a new article, some old articles can simply be marked for deletion.

Organizing information
In an article, subheadings or sections should be used to organize the content and keep similar information together. Subheadings should help users scan an article to find the information they need.

Guidelines for subheadings/section titles
Use the guidelines for article titles with the following differences. Once you put in a title it can't be changed by you but subtitles can be changed, removed and reorganized by you.


 * 1) There are many templates that will help to organize a page. Two great examples:


 * FamilySearch Wiki:WikiProject County Page Template
 * FamilySearch Wiki:WikiProject U.S. Counties


 * 1) Use Help pages. They are guides to assist in the detailing of a page. An example:


 * Help:Adding details to a Family History Center page


 * 1) Another guide that will help you organize a page is Headings for Articles about Records


 * 1) Then go to Editing the Wiki. This page gives many ways to add to your page and options to use.

Punctuation
Punctuation style. The rules of punctuation vary greatly (for example, whether a comma is placed before “and” in a series of items: red, white, and blue). Whatever style is chosen by the original contributor should be maintained throughout the article. Other contributors should follow the original style.

Commas. Commas are frequently used at the end of introductory phrases and to separate the items in a list. In a list, a comma may either be used before “and” or left out. Whatever style is chosen by the original contributor should be maintained throughout the article.


 * Correct
 * At that time, immigrants from Eastern Europe either sailed directly to the United States or changed ships in Liverpool, England, before sailing to the United States.
 * Correct
 * This collection includes birth, death, and marriage records.
 * Correct
 * This collection includes birth, death and marriage records.

Commas with places. When a place is listed, each jurisdiction (governmental divisions such as country, province, state, county, and so on) is separated by a comma. In a sentence, a comma also comes after the final jurisdiction unless it ends the sentence.


 * Correct
 * Bannow, County Wexford, Ireland
 * Correct
 * He was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, in an area that is now part of LaRue County, Kentucky.
 * Incorrect
 * Bannow County Wexford

Punctuation in numbers. Use commas in numbers over 999 (for example, 1,000, 1,000,000, and so on). Use a period to indicate a fraction of a digit (for example .25, 3.76, and so on).

Punctuation within quotation marks. English-speaking areas follow differing guidelines for adding punctuation within quotation marks (for example, whether the period is placed within or outside of the final quotation mark). When editing, contributors should follow the existing style in the article.


 * Correct
 * Lincoln began the Gettysburg address by referring to the Revolutionary War, which occurred “Four score and seven years ago.”
 * Correct
 * Lincoln began the Gettysburg address by referring to the Revolutionary War, which occurred “Four score and seven years ago”.

Ampersand. Do not replace the word “and” with an ampersand (&amp;).


 * Exception
 * If the ampersand is part of an official name, use the ampersand.

'''And/or. '''Do not use “and/or.” Rewrite the sentence, or use just one word. If items are frequently together, use “and.” If items are seldom together, use “or.”


 * Correct
 * Each record has a death and burial date.
 * Correct
 * Each record has either a death or burial date. Some records have both dates.
 * Incorrect
 * Each record has a death and/or burial date.

Using a slash (/) between two years. Do not use a slash between two years unless you are writing an actual double date (see guideline 15.8). Use the word “or.”


 * Correct
 * In 1530 or 1531, the parish boundaries were changed.
 * Incorrect
 * In 1530/1531, the parish boundaries were changed.

Parentheses and brackets. Use parentheses around explanatory or alternate information. If the information in parentheses is a complete sentence, the period goes within the final parenthesis. (This sentence would be an example.) Use brackets [ ] to indicate words in a quote that have been altered from the original.


 * Correct
 * 10 Vendémiaire IX (2 October 1800)
 * Correct
 * “All men [and women] are created equal.”
 * Incorrect
 * 10 Vendémiaire IX [2 October 1800]

Quotation marks. Use double quotation marks around quotes and titles of articles rather than single quotation marks.


 * Correct
 * For more information about these records, see “Australia Census.”
 * Incorrect
 * For more information about these records, see ‘Australia Census.’

The “#” symbol for the word “number.” The symbol “#” does not represent the word “number” in all cultures. Instead of “#”, use “number,” “No.,” or reword the sentence.


 * Correct
 * The number 1 cause of war deaths was disease.
 * Correct
 * The primary cause of war deaths was disease.
 * Incorrect
 * The #1 cause of war deaths was disease.

Accepted authority. Because of the variety in the rules of punctuation, this list of guidelines is brief. When there is uncertainty about punctuation, follow an accepted authority such as the Chicago Manual of Style.

Collection Links
Below is a suggested way to format a database collection. This is especially helpful for listing collections on a Wiki page.

*DATE RANGE [URL DATABASENAME] at [URL WEBSITENAME] — index & images, ($)

Example code: *1880-1920 Sweden Household Examination Books, 1880-1920 at MyHeritage — index & images, ($)

Display result:
 * 1880-1920 Sweden Household Examination Books, 1860-1947 at MyHeritage — index & images, ($)

Additional guidelines:
 * Subscription websites should have: ($)
 * You can add additional information at then end of the database line such as information regarding how complete the collection is, what it covers, or additional helpful information.
 * Additional examples are listed below:

Additional Examples:
 * 1840-2004 at FamilySearch — index and images
 * 1840-2004 Montana, County Births and Deaths, 1840-2004 at Ancestry — index, ($)
 * 1639-1962 New York, United States Marriages at FindMyPast — index, ($)
 * 1847–1848 and 1908–1936 at FamilySearch — index and images
 * 1908–1927 at FamilySearch – index & images; marriage license index on film goes to 1935.
 * 1801–1890 Barber Collection- Newspaper Deaths at Ancestry – Index, ($); information extracted from the "Brooklyn Eagle" and the "New York Evening Post."

Source Citations
There is no one way to create a source. You will find many sources in the reference section of wiki pages are using The Chicago Manual of Style, but all are acceptable. Below are some suggested formatting regarding citations.

Reference Bibliography
When adding a reference to information within a Wiki article, use the following code:

Example wikitext code: Chile’s official language is Spanish.

Display result: Chile’s official language is Spanish.

Adding References Heading
You can add a heading 2 or heading 3 (whichever is more appropriate for the page) labeled, References at the bottom of the page and additional wikitext code to ensure the references appear under this heading. Use the following wikitext code at the bottom of the Wiki page. == References ==

More information can be found on Source Citation Formats

Bibliography List in Body of the Wiki Page
When there are long lists of books or articles within a Wiki page, use the suggested format. This allows users to easily scan a list of pertinent resources. Add the information in the following order, left to right: 1. First element: add a bullet at the beginning of each book/article citation 2. Second element: Title of book in italics 3. Year of publication 4. Add the word “By” and then put the author’s full name, starting with first name 5. Add publication information, using the following: publication location, followed by colon, publisher. 6. Add the words "Online at:" at the end following the publisher.

Example:
 * Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Adams, Clay, Hall and Hamilton Counties, Nebraska. 1890. Chicago, Illinois: Goodspeed Pub. Co. Online at:

Wikitext example:
 * *Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Adams, Clay, Hall and Hamilton Counties, Nebraska. 1890. Chicago, Illinois: Goodspeed Pub. Co. Online at:

Words of guidance:
 * Capitalize the complete title even though it is not in the catalog
 * If the title is really long, just give the first portion of the title and leave off the rest.
 * If there is ever information missing use the following guidelines:
 * Missing author: leave it blank and move on to the publisher information.
 * Missing publication date: use n.d.
 * Missing publication place: use n.p.
 * Missing publisher: use n.p.

Example of no author, no date of publication, no place of publication, and no publisher information:
 * Niobrara Centennial 1856-1956. N.d. N.p: n.p.

Repositories - Contact Information
Below is the suggested format for listing information about a specific repository in the Wiki:

INSTITUTION NAME ADDRESS ADDRESS ADDRESS Telephone: ####### Email: address@email.com Website: [URL WEBSITENAME] (optional: brief description of institution hours/services, etc.)

Example Wikitext code: Seychelles National Archives 5th June Avenue P.O. Box 720<br Victoria, Mahe Seychelles Telephone: +248 4 321 333 Email: archives@seychelles.net Website: sna.gov.sc

:Genealogical Research at the National Archives has a fee: ::SR350.00 if you do your own research ::SR500.00 if the staff carries out your research

Display result:

Seychelles National Archives 5th June Avenue P.O. Box 720 Victoria, Mahe Seychelles Telephone: +248 4 321 333 Email: archives@seychelles.net Website: sna.gov.sc/


 * Family history research is done Tuesdays and Thursdays from 9:00am to 12:00pm on appointment.
 * Genealogical Research at the National Archives has a fee:
 * SR350.00 if you do your own research.
 * SR500.00 if the staff carries out your research.

Geographical Names
A proposed style guideline Naming Conventions for Geographic Names is being discussed. Once a consensus is reached a guideline will be adopted.

Acronyms and Abbreviations
The first time you use a term that can be abbreviated, write it out and put the acronym in parentheses, e.g., the zone improvement plan (zip) codes were developed by the United States Postal Service (USPS) in 1963.

Capitalization
Merriam-Webster. When in doubt, follow Merriam-Webster.

Articles, buttons, or tabs. When referring to an article, button, or tab name, use the capitalization from the article title, button, or tab.


 * Correct
 * If another style guideline is needed, list the issue on the Talk page.
 * Incorrect
 * If another style guideline is needed, list the issue on the talk page.

Capitalization and spelling of some common terms. For the FamilySearch Research Wiki, use the following capitalizations and spellings.


 * family group record
 * family history center (This term is not trademarked and is not capitalized.)
 * Family History Library
 * FamilySearch
 * FamlySearch Research Wiki
 * FamilySearch website
 * FamilySearch.org or familysearch.org (Capitals make the site name easier to read, but both are correct.)
 * family tree
 * International Genealogical Index (IGI)
 * Personal Ancestral File (PAF)
 * GEDCOM
 * historical collections (in FamilySearch.org)
 * Internet
 * pedigree chart
 * record types (for example, census records, court records, military records)
 * The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ("The" is part of the official title and is capitalized.)
 * website
 * wiki (for example, the wiki, wiki articles, wiki pages, wiki community)

Places. Capitalize the word “city,” “county,” “state,” or “province” only when the word appears as part of a place name. Do not capitalize the word city, county, state, or province when it is not part of the place name.


 * Correct
 * Salt Lake City, Los Angeles County, Quebec Province
 * Correct
 * city of Boston, state of New York
 * Incorrect
 * City of Boston, Province of Alberta

Dates. Capitalize the names of months and days of the week.

Spelling
Spelling variations of English. Variations of English are acceptable. For example, either colour (British) or color (United States) is acceptable. Each article should use only one variation of English. When editing, use the variation of English already established in the article.

Linking to other articles in FamilySearch wiki

 * FamilySearch Wiki:Linking
 * Help:Create an internal link
 * Help:Advanced Linking
 * Help:Section - the content under "Section linking" appears to be incorrect. A review is needed.
 * Help:Wiki markup

Linking through the use of page section templates

 * Dablink - the disambiguation template
 * Details
 * Further
 * Main
 * See also

Other possible templates to create include:


 * Subarticle - see Wikipedia's Template:Subarticle for details
 * Cat also - see Wikipedia's Template:Cat also for details

Linking through the use of metatemplates

 * See Category:Metatemplates for a list of metatemplates available for use

Linking to other websites
See also: Create an external link

Links should not display the full URL
Many URLs (website addresses) are long and not reader-friendly. For readability's sake, links should not include the full URL of the destination page. There may be extremely rare instances where displaying the full URL is desirable, but this should be the exception, not the rule, and should be done only if there is a compelling reason.

Example 1: a link by itself
Correct: FamilySearch

Incorrect: www.familysearch.org/

Example 2: a link in context
Correct: Order United States military records online.

Incorrect: Go to https://eservices.archives.gov/orderonline/start.swe?SWECmd=GotoView&amp;SWEView=GPEA+Product+Detail+-+Features+View+FFO&amp;SWEHo=eservices.archives.gov&amp;SWETS=1199728061&amp;SWEPostnApplet=GPEA+Product+Form

https://eservices.archives.gov/orderonline/start.swe?SWECmd=GotoView&amp;SWEView=GPEA+Product+Detail+-+Features+View+FFO&amp;SWEHo=eservices.archives.gov&amp;SWETS=1199728061&amp;SWEPostnApplet=GPEA+Product+Form to order United States military records online.

Click here to order United States military records online.

Clearly, the first link is much easier to read, takes less space, and helps users understand what they will find by clicking the link.

"For pay" websites
If you refer to a subscription website or one which has a charge to obtain information, use the "$" to indicate that there may be a fee for the site.

OCLC/WorldCat
Using the WorldCat template for these links will allow the links to be easily updated if the web address changes.

FHLC
Using the FHL template for these links will allow the links to be easily updated if the web address changes.

Record Search
Using the RecordSearch template for these links will allow the links to be easily updated if the web address changes.

Wikipedia
Using the Wikipedia template for these links will allow the links to be easily updated if the web address changes.

Preferred terms
The following terms are preferred.

website: should be one word and all lower case as recommended by The Chicago Manual of Style

FamilySearch.org or the FamilySearch website


 * (Do not refer to the website as FamilySearch. Legally, FamilySearch is the name of the organization responsible for FamilySearch.org and other family history projects.)


 * Correct: You can search historical record collections at FamilySearch.org.


 * Incorrect: You can search historical record collections at FamilySearch.

FamilySearch Research Wiki (just "wiki" or Research Wiki is also acceptable)


 * Correct: Creating a new article in the FamilySearch Research Wiki


 * Incorrect: Creating a new article in the FamilySearch wiki

Latin abbreviations. Do not use ca., etc., e.g., or viz. Use simple English instead.


 * ca. (Use "about")


 * e.g. (Use "for example.")


 * etc. (Use "and so on" or "and so forth.")


 * i.e. (This term actually means "that is," and is often used incorrectly to mean "for example." Depending on meaning, use "that is," "such as," or "for example.")


 * viz. (Use "namely.")

Box layout: columns vs. portals
Authors desiring to display a wiki page's content in boxes should use tables within columns instead of using sub-pages within portals. To see the code that allows one to layout columns and tables, go to the Maryland page, click Edit, and switch to Wikitext view. To see an example of portal code, go to the India portal on Wikipedia and click Edit this page. For more about this topic, see The Un-Portal Page.

Draft Pages or Sandboxes
Major editing work on a page that will not be finished for an extended time may confuse visitors to the page. To avoid this, it is recommend that lengthy or long term editing preparations are worked on in a sandbox you create. Be sure to add a link in the "Talk" page of where the planned changes will be posted, to the sandbox where the planned changes are being worked on. This will allow comments on the new content until it is moved from the sandbox page to the page that needs the changes.

Measurements
Metric or U.S. If measurements are needed, they can be written in metric or U.S. systems. The same system should be used throughout the article. It is recommended that the contributor provide the measurement in both systems. Metric may be listed first with the U.S. equivalent in parentheses, or the U.S. measurement may be listed first with the metric equivalent in parentheses. The same order should be used throughout the article.


 * Correct: Many narrow-gauge railroads in the Maine forests were 2 ft (610 mm) wide.


 * Correct: Many narrow-gauge railroads in the Maine forests were 610 mm (2 ft) wide.

Including a unit. Always include the unit of measurement with the number (for example, yard, meter, quart, and so on). Standard abbreviations may be used if they do not have more than one meaning.


 * Correct: Staten Island in New York City covers 59 square miles (153 square kilometers).


 * Correct: Staten Island in New York City covers 59 sq mi (153 km2).


 * Incorrect: Staten Island in New York City covers 59m.

Currencies
Listing costs of services. When referring users to a site or institution that charges for its services, it is appropriate to let users know there will be a charge. However, because prices change often, it is best to avoid listing the exact cost of the services.


 * Correct: There is a fee to get a copy of a deceased ancestor’s Social Security application.


 * Incorrect: There is a US$27-$29 fee to get a copy of a deceased ancestor’s Social Security application.

Identifying the currency listed. If it is important to indicate an amount of money, indicate both the amount and which currency is listed (Canadian dollars, Japanese yen, Mexican pesos, British pounds, and so on). Frequently, an abbreviation for the country is listed in front of the amount (for example, US$25). The original price and the equivalent in today’s money may be listed.


 * Correct: In 1800, a private in the British infantry was paid 1 shilling a day.


 * Correct: For the Louisiana Territory, the United States paid France US$15,000,000.


 * Incorrect: For the Louisiana Territory, the United States paid France almost $190 million in today’s money.