Finnish Language Characteristics

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Variant Forms of Words
In Finnish, as in English, the forms of some words will vary according to how they are used in a sentence. Who—whose—whom or marry—marries—married, are examples of words in English with variant forms.

As you read Finnish records, be aware that the endings of most words vary with usage. One word in Finnish often translates into English as two or more words. For example, talo (house) changes to talossa (in the house).

Plurals
Finnish indicates the plural of a word in two ways:
 * 1) "T" is added to nouns that have no other endings. For example, talo (house) becomes talot (houses).
 * 2) "I" is added if the noun has another ending. For example, talossa (in the house) becomes taloissa (in the houses).

Possessives
In addition to or instead of using words like my and theirs, Finnish adds endings to words to show possession. If a word already has another ending on it, the possessive ending appears at the end of the word. For example, see how possessives change the words talo (house) and talossa (in the house):
 * his house - hänen talonsa
 * in his house - hänen talossansa

See Table 1 for a more complete description of possessives.

Prepositions and postpositions
In English, words like in, on, with, before, and after are prepositions. They come before the noun in sentence and show direction, location, or time, or introduce an object. For example,
 * in the house
 * to the car
 * at the table
 * on the desk

Depending on the various grammar rules, Finnish prepositions may appear in one of three ways:
 * 1) They may come before the noun. For example, ennen sotaa (before the war).
 * 2) They may come after the noun. (In this case, it is called a postposition.) For example, sodan jälkeen (after the war).
 * 3) They may be added to the noun. For example Helsinki becomes Helsinkiin (into Helsinki).

Table 2 contains other examples.

Word endings
Endings are also added to words for other grammatical purposes. See Tables 1 and 3 for other examples.

Spelling Changes
When an ending is added to a word, the consonants within that word may also change. Consider the following examples:

Possessive Endings
Possessive and Ending Meaning Examples: talo (house), talossa (in the house) Translation minun, -ni my talo » minun talonitalo » minun talossani house » my househouse » in my house sinun-, si your (singular) talo » sinun talositalo » sinun talossasi house » your househouse » in your house hänen, -nsa, -nsä or double vowel + n his, her talo » hänen talonsatalo » hänen talossansatalo » hänen talossaan house » his (her) househouse » in his (her) househouse » in his (her) house meidän -mme our talo » meidän talommetalo » meidän talossamme house » our househouse » in our house teidän, -nne your (plural) talo » teidän talonnetalo » teidän talossanne house » your househouse » in your house heidän, -nsa, -nsä or double vowel + n their talo » heidän talonsa talo » heidän talossansatalo » heidän talossaan house » their househouse » in their househouse » in their house