British Columbia First Nations

History
The people inhabiting the British Columbia coastline were culturally distinct from other tribes on the continent. There were broad groups that were culturally similar but were subdivided into a number of tribes and bands. They were frequently enemies. Although there were differences in the degree to which the customs were practiced by each tribe or band, they all had social classes of royalty and/or nobles, commoners, and slaves. Each group practiced the custom of the potlatch. The potlatch was the custom of a man having a huge feast to which he invited others and gave away vast amounts of goods. There were positive and negative effects to this custom. In some tribes, slaves might be absorbed into the tribe while in others they were always slaves.

Vast trading routes existed up and down the coast as well as inland along the rivers. The tribes of the interior of British Columbia were already using metal implements and other items of European origin before first contact.

The northwest coast of the continent was touched by Europeans and Americans differently than was the east coast. The first contact was with explorers and traders, not those who intended to settle the land. The white men came for different reasons – to map the coastline, to find a passage that would connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and for the lucrative fur trade. Contact was made almost as early as it was on the east coast. Explorers and traders were present along the coast from the late 1500’s, including Russian, British, Spanish, and American expeditions. Trading posts and forts began to be established as early as the late 1700’s.

The coast of British Columbia is relatively narrow, 150 miles wide at the widest, and rises dramatically to a high desert plateau. The tribes in this area were more like the plains tribes further to the east although there were still influences from the coastal tribes.

First contact with the interior tribes was from fur traders who came overland. Notably Alexander McKenzie and Simon Fraser explored the area with the intent to establish the fur trade. Both men were instrumental in the establishment of trading posts.

The people did not escape the diseases that decimated other tribes across the continent. The diseases spread rapidly from east to west. Some tribes experienced smallpox epidemics before first contact with white men. Although pre-contact estimates of populations are unreliable, all the populations were dramatically reduced, some by two-thirds or more.

By the first half of the 1800’s, the native people were offered employment by the Hudson’s Bay Company and others who had established posts. Two major changes occurred in the traditional lifestyle of the people: they were offered employment by those who established the posts, usually causing them to leave their villages, and were introduced to new and destructive influences.

Tribes and Bands (First Nations) of British Columbia
Coast Salish, live on the Lower Fraser River and southern Vancouver Island.

Nootka, live on the west coast of Vancouver Island.

Kwakiut, live on the northeast coast of Vancouver Island and the mainland opposite.

Bella Coola, live in and around town of Bella Coola.

Tsimshiam, live on the Skeena and Nass Rivers.

Haida, on Queen Charlotte Islands.


 * Map depicting general distribution of tribes in British Columbia can be found at British Columbia Ministry of Education
 * British Columbia: Ministry of Native Affairs. The Aboriginal Peoples of British Columbia: A Profile. WorldCat
 * Farrand, Livingston, Traditions of the Chilcotin Indians. New York: AMS Press. 1975. FHL book 970.1 B63j v. 2 pt. 1
 * Goddard, Pliny Earle, Indians of the Northwest Coast. New York: Cooper Square Pub. 1972. FHL book 970.1 G541i or Film 1421588 item 9.
 * Indians of British Columbia by Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. WorldCat
 * Jenness, Diamond. The Sekani Indians of British Columbia. WorldCat
 * A listing of federally recognized tribes of British Columbia is found at Native Tribes of the United States and Canada

Archives Libraries and Museums
Glenbow Archive, Library, and Museum

The Glenbow Archives and Library, has an excellent collection of resources for the study of Métis genealogy. Their sources cover predominantly Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and some parts of the Northwest Territories, Ontario, and British Columbia.

Most of our sources pertain to people who were living in the Prairie Provinces in 1900 or earlier.

One unique collection is the Gail Morin database. The collection consists of a database of 65,434 records of persons who were Metis ancestors. For each individual, dates and places of birth, baptism, marriage, death, and burial, and notes on sources are given if known. Using Ancestral Quest software, the data can be linked to show genealogical relationships in the form of pedigree charts and descendancy charts. The database is available only with the assistance of the Archives staff in the reading room of the Glenbow Archives. The database is fully searchable online.

Contact: Glenbow Archives 130 - 9 Avenue SE Calgary, Alberta T2G 0P3 Reference Desk telephone: 403-268-4204 Email: archives@glenbow.org

Important Websites
List of Indian Tribes in British Columbia and other locations in Canada and the United States, from the University of British Columbia Library.

A timeline of historic events is located at British Columbia History

Records
The "Ahousat" Indians Reserve located on Flores Island off the West Coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Record contains some birth, marriage and death records. WorldCat

A detailed guide to researching aboriginal records is found at Library and Archives Canada

The 1877 Indian Reserve Commission Census of interior British Columbia can be found at Library and Archives Canada

Indian Registers, 1951-1984, Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, are maintained at the Library and Archives in Ottawa. Access to these records is restricted. Inquiries must be directed to the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs.

Vital Records
"Indians as well as Chinese, were excluded from the Birth, Marriages and Deaths Act of 1872.In 1877 the exclusionary section was removed and in 1897 the Act was made applicable to "all races and nationalities, including all Indians and person of Indian blood, Chinese and Japanese. In1916 amended to allow the Registrar to "accept returns to be made monthly by the respective Indian Agents in the Province, those returns were made on special forms and kept separate and apart from the other returns. In 1943 the registration of Indian births, marriages and deaths was made mandatory; special forms and filing was continued. The special forms and separate filing were discontinued after 1956."


 * Leavitt, Flora Hilda. The "Ahousat" Indians reserve located on Flores Island off the West Coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Includes birth, marriage and death records FHL film 924503 itme 1