Delaware Tribe of Indians



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The Delaware Indians were originally known as the Lenape or Lenni Lenape Indians, the name they called themselves. The American colonists named them the Delaware Indians.

Clans: Tukwsi-t, the wolf; Pukuwanku, the turtle; and Pele, the turkey

Original homelands: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware

Tribal Headquarters
The Delaware Nation is currently found primarily in western Oklahoma.

Delaware Nation Address P.O. Box 825 Anadarko, OK 73005 Location 31064 State Highway #281 Building 100 Anadarko, OK 73005 Phone: 405.247.2448 Fax: 405.247.9393


 * The Delaware Nation Official Website

The Tribal office of each tribe maintains many records of value to the American Indian researcher. Most of the tribes require enrollment in the tribe before they allow access to the records of its members.

History
The Delaware or Lenape were forced to cede lands and migrate many times, moving into Ohio, Kansas, Texas and Indian Territory

Brief Timeline

 * 1600's: First contact was with the Dutch
 * 1638: Swedish lived moved into the Delaware Bay area
 * 1682: Treaty with William Penn.
 * 1700's: Tribal members began to settle along the Ohio River
 * 1789: Some of the tribe removed to Missouri and later to Arkansas
 * 1795 Treaty
 * 1800: Many migrate to Indiana
 * 1820: Some moved to Texas, became known as the Southern band
 * 1824-51: The tribe was under the jurisdiction of the Fort Leavenworth Agency
 * 1832 Treaty
 * 1835: Many members resettled in Kansas
 * 1851-55: The tribe was under the jurisdiction of the Kansas Agency while living in Kansas
 * 1854 Treaty
 * 1855-73: The tribe was under the jurisdiction of the Delaware Agency
 * 1859: Delaware tribal members living in Texas removed to western Oklahoma
 * 1866 Treaty
 * 1867: Tribe began to settle west of the Mississippi River some removed to Canada
 * 1867: Delaware tribal members living in Kansas move to eastern Oklahoma and purchase rights in the Cherokee Nation. In 1890 become Cherokee citizens.
 * 1867-74: The tribe was under the jurisdiction of the Cherokee Agency
 * 1875-80: The tribe was under the jurisdiction of the Union Agency

The Southern Band

In the 1820's some of the tribe moved to Texas, becoming known as the Southern Band of Delaware Indians

The band was under the jurisdiction of the Caddo and Red River Agencies

1847-59: The band was under the jurisdiction of the Texas Agency

1859-78: The band was under the jurisdiction of the Wichita Agency

1878-80: the band was under the jurisdiction of the Kiowa Agency

The Southern Band was under the jurisdiction of the Southern and Central Superintendencies

Additional Reference to the History of the Tribe
Frederick Webb Hodge, in his Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, gave a more complete history of the Delaware tribe, with estimations of the population of the tribe at various time periods. Additional details are given in John Swanton's The Indian Tribes of North America.

Ohio History Central article on the Delaware Indians

The Delaware Tribe was under the following jurisdicdictions

Agencies
Agencies and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Many of the records of genealogical value were created by these offices.

The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Illinois has been compiled from Hill's Office of Indian Affairs..., Hill's Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians , and others.

Agencies are the field offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. They recorded most of the records pertaining to individual Indians.

Piqua Agency

Ohio Agency

Fort Leavenworth Agency

Kansas Agency

Delaware Agency

Cherokee Agency

Union Agency

Caddo Agency

Red River Agency

Texas Agency

Wichita Agency

Kiowa Agency

Reservations
Reservations are tracks of land established by treaty or law for the American Indians to occupy and use.

From the mid-1800s, the official policy of the United States government toward the American Indian was to confine each tribe to a specific parcel of land called a reservation. Agencies were established on or near each reservation. A government representative, usually called an agent (or superintendent) was assigned to each agency. Their duties included maintaining the peace, making payments to the Native Americans based on the stipulations of the treaties with each tribe, and providing a means of communication between the native population and the federal government.

Sometimes, a single agency had jurisdiction over more than one reservation. And sometimes, if the tribal population and land area required it, an agency may have included sub-agencies.

The boundaries of reservations, over time, have changed. Usually, that means the reservations have been reduced in size. Sometimes, especially during the later policy of "termination," the official status of reservations was ended altogether.

The following list of reservations has been compiled from the National Atlas of the United States of America, the Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America , and other sources. There are no current federally-recognized reservations in Illinois.

There are hundreds of Indian Reservations in the United States. Many are federally recognized and supervised. Some are state reservations, administered by the state office of Indian Affairs.

Superintendencies
Superintendencies authorized by the the Bureau of Indian Affairs supervised the local agencies and subagencies.

Michigan Superintendency

St. Louis Superintendency

Central Superintendency

Southern Superintendency

Census
1862 Census of Delaware Indians

Census rolls various years, Delaware Indians holding citizenship in the Cherokee Nation.

1897-1898 Delaware Indian Census at Kiowa Agency, Oklahoma Territory FHL film: 576900 Items 15 and Item 24

1927 Census, Kiowa Agency, Oklahoma FHL Book Q970.466 B898c or Film 1697766 Item 12

Church Records
Gray, Elma E. Wilderness Christians: The Moravian Mission to the Delaware Indians.

Indian Pioneer Papers
In 1936, the Oklahoma Historical Society and University of Oklahoma requested a writer's project grant from the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in which interviews would be conducted with early settlers in Oklahoma who had lived on Indian land. More than 100 writers conducted over 11,000 interviews and were asked to "call upon early settlers and (record) the story of the migration to Oklahoma and their early life here." The University of Oklahoma Western History Collection has digitized the Indian Pioneer Papers which consists of approximately 80,000 indexed entries arranged alphabetically by personal name, place name, or subject. An index to the Indian Pioneer Papers may also be found at OkGenWeb Oklahoma Genealogy. A separate index of Indians interviewed, including the Delaware, may be viewed at: “Indians in the Indian Pioneer Papers” Two surnames from the Delaware tribe found in the collection are: Ketchum and Zeigler (Ketchum).

Treaties
Treaty an agreement made by negotiation between two or more nations,to resolve conflict, encourage peace, alliance, and commerce.

1682: Treaty with William Penn


 * 1778
 * 1785
 * 1789
 * 1795
 * 1803
 * 1804
 * 1805
 * 1805
 * 1809
 * 1809
 * 1814
 * 1815
 * 1817
 * 1818
 * 1829
 * 1829
 * 1832
 * 1843
 * 1854
 * 1860
 * 1861
 * 1866

Important Web Sites

 * Constitution of the Delaware Nation of Oklahoma
 * Brief history of the Delaware Indians in Ohio
 * The Delaware Nation Official Website
 * Official Website of the Delaware Tribe of Indians
 * Delaware Tribe Web Site
 * Delaware Tribe Wikipedia
 * Lenape Wikipedia

Tribe
Weslager, C.A., The Delaware Indians: A History, Rutgers University Press (1972), hardcover, 546 pages,

General

 * Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives; Record Group 75, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
 * Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1906 Available online.
 * Klein, Barry T., ed. Reference Encyclopedia of the American Indian. Nyack, New York: Todd Publications, 2009. 10th ed. WorldCat 317923332;.
 * Malinowski, Sharon and Sheets, Anna, eds. The Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. Detroit: Gale Publishing, 1998. 4 volumes. Includes: Lists of Federally Recognized Tribes for U.S., Alaska, and Canada – pp. 513-529 Alphabetical Listing of Tribes, with reference to volume and page in this series Map of “Historic Locations of U.S. Native Groups” Map of “Historic Locations of Canadian Native Groups” Map of “Historic Locations of Mexican, Hawaiian and Caribbean Native Groups” Maps of “State and Federally Recognized U.S. Indian Reservations. WorldCat 37475188;.


 * Vol. 1 -- Northeast, Southeast, Caribbean
 * Vol. 2 -- Great Basin, Southwest, Middle America
 * Vol. 3 -- Arctic, Subarctic, Great Plains, Plateau
 * Vol. 4 -- California, Pacific Northwest, Pacific Islands


 * Sturtevant, William C. Handbook of North American Indians. 20 vols., some not yet published. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978–.


 * Volume 1 -- Not yet published
 * Volume 2 -- Indians in Contemporary Society (pub. 2008) -- WorldCat 234303751
 * Volume 3 -- Environment, Origins, and Population (pub. 2006) -- WorldCat 255572371
 * Volume 4 -- History of Indian-White Relations (pub. 1988) -- WorldCat 19331914;.
 * Volume 5 -- Arctic (pub. 1984) -- WorldCat 299653808;.
 * Volume 6 -- Subarctic (pub. 1981) -- WorldCat 247493742;.
 * Volume 7 -- Northwest Coast (pub. 1990) -- WorldCat 247493311
 * Volume 8 -- California (pub. 1978) -- WorldCat 13240086;.
 * Volume 9 -- Southwest (pub. 1979) -- WorldCat 26140053;.
 * Volume 10 -- Southwest (pub. 1983) -- WorldCat 301504096;.
 * Volume 11 -- Great Basin (pub. 1986) -- WorldCat 256516416;.
 * Volume 12 -- Plateau (pub. 1998) -- WorldCat 39401371;.
 * Volume 13 -- Plains, 2 vols. (pub. 2001) -- WorldCat 48209643
 * Volume 14 -- Southeast (pub. 2004) -- WorldCat 254277176
 * Volume 15 -- Northwest (pub. 1978) -- WorldCat 356517503;.
 * Volume 16 -- Not yet published
 * Volume 17 -- Languages (pub. 1996) -- WorldCat 43957746
 * Volume 18 -- Not yet published
 * Volume 19 -- Not yet published
 * Volume 20 -- Not yet published


 * Swanton John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 Available online.
 * Waldman, Carl. Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. New York, New York: Facts on File, 2006. 3rd ed. WorldCat 14718193;.