Türkiye Languages

Language
Turkish is a non-Semitic language unrelated to Arabic. Until 1928 it was written mostly in a modified Arabic alphabet. The Roman alphabet with several diacritic marks was introduced in 1928 and is now accepted as the official alphabet of the language. Records of the Ottoman Empire were generally written in Turkish in the old Arabic script. In older documents the sijâqat form of the script was used; it is extremely challenging to read. A few records are written in Arabic. There are almost no historical document written in Kurdish. The records of various Christian minorities are in Armenian, Greek, Latin, French, Italian, or Syriac, each with its own distinctive writing system.

Most of the people in Türkiye speak Turkish. Turkish is a non-Semitic language unrelated to Arabic. Until 1928 it was written mostly in a modified Arabic alphabet, though other alphabets were used, including Greek and Armenian. The Roman alphabet was introduced in 1928. It uses diacritic marks (ç ğ ş ö ü) and two versions of the letter “i” (dotted - i and undotted - ı ) and is accepted as the official alphabet of the language. Records of the Ottoman Empire were generally written in Turkish in the old Arabic script. In older documents the sijâqat form of the script was used. Being a half cipher/shorthand script used for speed and secrecy, it lacks paleographic devices that distinguish among letters as in the ordinary Arabic script. Deciphering personal names is extremely challenging. A few records were written in Arabic. Although Kurdish is a significant minority language, there are almost no historical documents written in Kurdish. When written, Kurdish used the Arabic alphabet. The Kurdish language in Türkiye is now written using the modern Turkish alphabet. The records of various Christian minorities are in Armenian, Greek, Latin, French, Italian, or Syriac, each with its own distinctive writing system.


 * Turkish Genealogical Word List
 * Armenian Genealogical Word List

Kurdish Online Resources

 * Kurdish language overview
 * Kurdish language resources
 * Kurdish Romanization Table
 * Kurdish Romanization Converter
 * Kurdish grammar and basics