Ontario Land and Property

Guide to Ontario Land and Property ancestry, family history and genealogy: birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, parish registers, and military records.



Online Records

 * Ontario Land Registry Access Archives of Ontario
 * 1787-1841 Upper Canada Land Books, 1787-1841 Library and Archives Canada Reference Guide: Upper Canada Land Books, 1787-1841 (Explains records in database and lists contents of each file)
 * 1763-1865 Upper Canada Land Petitions (1763-1865) Search Engine Petitions: Search using reference numbers obtained in search.'''
 * 1764-1841 Quebec's Lower Canada Land Petitions, 1764-1841 Present-day Ontario was part of Quebec before 1791. Many petitions submitted by people living in Ontario before 1791 can be found here.[1]
 * 1765-1804 Search: Land Boards of Upper Canada, 1765-1804
 * Heir and Devisee Commission The government created the Heir and Devisee Commissions to settle disputes about who was entitled to receive the letters patent for a parcel of land.
 * Crown Lands Department Township papers, ca. 1783-1870's
 * 1791-1867 Petitions for land grants and leases, 1791-1867
 * Petitions are arranged by a numbering system based on the initial letter of the petitioner's surname and the sequence in which the petition was brought before the Land Committee. Includes reports, certificates, and other documentation submitted in support of individual requests and some lists of settlers by region.


 * 1796-1894 '''Second Heir and Devisee Commission Land records, 1796-1894 - at FamilySearch
 * 1804-1895 Second Heir and Devisee Commission Case Files Database These 5184 case files, which date from 1804 to 1895, document claims for land made to the Second Heir and Devisee Commission.
 * Upper Canada Sundries Name Index
 * Also online at FamilySearch
 * Reference Guide: Upper Canada Sundries, 1766-1841 (Explains records in database and lists contents of each file)
 * Includes correspondence, petitions, reports, returns and schedules, certificates, accounts, warrants, legal opinions, instructions and regulations, proclamations and other documents received by the Civil and Provincial Secretaries of Upper Canada, 1791-1841. Also includes some reference documents, 1766-1809. Many letters concern land and military matters.


 * Michael Stephenson's Upper Canada Land Petitions Index A-Z
 * Upper Canada Land Book C

Importance of Land Records

 * Land record indexes are among the best tools for locating residents in Ontario before 1851 when few censuses and other province-wide records or indexes exist.
 * Many immigrants came to Ontario to claim available land, so land ownership was generally recorded soon after they arrived.
 * Also, wills were often copied into deed books and other land records instead of in probate records. Land records sometimes exist when other records are not available.

History of Ontario Land Records

 * The British crown (government) frequently offered prospective settlers free land grants.
 * The continuing settlement of Ontario was enhanced by large numbers of land grants to American Loyalists and their children who began moving into Ontario during the American War for Independence, 1775--.
 * In 1789, Land Boards were established in four Ontario districts, Hesse, Nassau, Mecklenburg, and Lunenburg, to better organize the land granting process.
 * In 1791, Upper Canada (Ontario) was separated from Lower Canada (Quebec), so many land records of Ontario before 1791 are still in Quebec land records.
 * In 1794, Ontario Land Boards were dissolved— their authority and records were then transferred to the more centralized Executive Council. The land registration system has now been replaced with a land title system, where title to the land is registered. Land title records are held by the Land Registry Offices.
 * Until the early 1900’s, a large number of wills (more than half for some counties) were registered with the Land Registry Offices instead of being probated (homologated) in the Courts. Those wills were treated as land records.

Types of Land Records

 * Instruments and deeds – these are the original documents filed by the parties. They include sales, bankruptcies, liens, wills, and other documents transferring or affecting ownership.
 * Copybooks of instruments and deeds – transcriptions made by Land Registry Office staff of instruments and deeds registered with them.
 * General Registers – transcriptions of wills filed at the Land Registry Offices, beginning in 1865; wills registered prior to 1865 would be found in the copybooks of instruments and deeds.
 * Abstract Indexes – indexes to the instruments and deeds for a given township or town, arranged by lot and concession (or subdivision) number.
 * Alphabetical Indexes – indexes to the instruments and deeds for a given township or town, arranged by name of the parties.

Information in Ontario Land Records

 * where and when ancestors lived in an area
 * the name of spouses, heirs, and other relatives
 * the names of neighbors (potentially relatives)
 * where ancestors lived previously
 * the occupation of ancestors
 * the relationship of ancestors to a Loyalist ancestor
 * when ancestors left the area and where they were moving
 * who transferred the land to an ancestor, and the person to whom the ancestor transferred it—people who are possibly relatives
 * Heir and Devisee Commissions records may explain a person's entitlement to land, such as military service or Loyalist ancestry. They may list:
 * the date of an application for land
 * the age of the applicant
 * and his place of birth.

Locating Ontario Land Records
There are many different types of land records, many different indexes. There is no one all-inclusive source or index. Search every available index for your time period. Some records only have alphabetical indexes built into the beginning pages. Some are only arranged by geographical description (concession and lot number). Again, search every possible record, even once you find your ancestors in one collection.

Original Records in Archives
To locate where the original Ontario land records for each county are currently located, use this chart housed on the Ontario Genealogical Society website:
 * Inventory of Original Ontario Land Records

FamilySearch Records
Many abstract indexes, general registers, and deed and land records are filmed and digitized by FamilySearch. They are filed by county: 1. Click on FamilySearch Catalog. 2. In the Place search, type in "Canada, Ontario [county name]". Click "Search". 3. Scroll down to the "Land and property" and Land and property - indexes". 4. This will bring up specific record titles. You will be mostly using records entitled abstract indexes, general registers, land records, and deeds. The section of this article Ontario Land and Property will also help with using these records. 5. Some combination of these icons will appear at the far right of the listing for the record. . The magnifying glass indicates that the record is indexed. Clicking on the magnifying glass will take you to the index. Clicking on the camera will take you to an online digital copy of the records. 6. Some records might have viewing restrictions, and can only be viewed at a Family History Center near you, and/or by members of supporting organizations. 7. Some Ontario land records are indexed. Others are not indexed, but are organized geographically by their legal land description which includes the county, township, concession number, and lot number. Instructions for both methods follow.

Archives of Ontario
The records are also available through the Archives of Ontario: Ontario Land Registry Access
 * Using the Ontario Land Records Index ca. 1780 - 1920
 * Pathfinder Research Guide to: The Ontario Land Records Index (OLRI)

Research Guides and Instructions

 * Finding Land Registration Records
 * From Grant to Patent: A Guide to Early Land Settlement records, ca. 1790 – ca. 1850
 * Researching Crown Land Records
 * Pathfinder Research Guide to Petitions for Land
 * Pathfinder Research Guide to Land Patents At the Archives of Ontario

Searching the Archives Records
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 * Land records can be searched at the Archives of Ontario, requested in interlibrary loan for use in your local library, or you can hire a researcher from the provided list of individuals who are certified by the Board for Certification of Genealogists or who are members of the Association of Professional Genealogists.
 * Prepare for Your Visit to the Archives of Ontario.
 * For information and request forms for interlibrary loans, see What is the Microfilm Interloan Service?
 * Genealogical Researchers in Ontario

Search land records by index.
OnLand Records at My Moynahan Genealogy Blog give step-by-step instructions for using indexes and have some good illustrations:
 * Ontario Land Records Index Microfiche: This is a microfiche alphabetical by name index available to use in the Archives Reading Room, also available in some public libraries.
 * Other alphabetical indexes are internal in the historical books, abstract indexes and general registers: Ontario Land Registry Access Archives of Ontario.
 * 1763-1865 Upper Canada Land Petitions (1763-1865) Search Engine Petitions: Search using reference numbers obtained in search.'''
 * 1764-1841 Quebec's Lower Canada Land Petitions, 1764-1841 Present-day Ontario was part of Quebec before 1791. Many petitions submitted by people living in Ontario before 1791 can be found here.[1]
 * 1765-1804 Search: Land Boards of Upper Canada, 1765-1804
 * Part I: OnLand Records: Historical Books: First Registration Book Instruction
 * Part II: OnLand Records: Historical Books: Abstract/Parcel Register Book Instructions
 * Part III: OnLand Records: Historical Books: General Register Index Instructions
 * Part IV: Historical Books: Canada Lands Index Instructions

Finding the land description.
You may also find an ancestor in land records organized under the description of the land. In order to do this you must first identify their property (find the legal description). This legal description usually includes the county, township, concession number, and lot number. Two types of records help identify an ancestor's land:
 * Censuses
 * Illustrated historical atlases

Censuses
A census was taken in Ontario (a.k.a. Canada West) every ten years starting in 1851. Every person is listed by name in each census' personal  or population  schedules. In selected census years important land information was also listed in separate agricultural  schedules, or listed in building and land  schedules. These additional schedules show the county, township, concession and lot numbers of a person's land:


 * 1901 Census "Buildings and Lands, Churches and Schools" schedules follow each enumerator's population schedules.
 * 1861 Census "Agricultural" schedules appear at the end of each county after all other personal schedules for all the towns in that county.
 * 1851 Census "Agricultural" schedules follow each set of personal schedules.


 * Ag census and memorial.png

'''If you find an ancestor in one of these censuses, write down the name of the ancestor's county, township, concession number, and lot number. Links to online census indexes and images for Ontario are at:'''

To learn more about Ontario census records in general see the Ontario Census Wiki page.

Illustrated Historical Atlases


For some southern Ontario counties, illustrated historical atlases show farm lots and concession numbers with the names of landowners in the late 1860s and 1870s.
 * Atlases listed in the FamilySearch Catalog
 * Atlases of Ontario Province and counties Digitized online.
 * The new topographical atlas of the province of Ontario, Canada : ... comprising ... a correct and complete series of separate county maps on a large scale, showing lots and concessions, railways, post offices, opened and closed roads, churches, school-houses ... together with maps of the chief cities and county towns ..(1879) Digitized online.
 * Historical County Atlases This is a comprehensive collection of atlases at the Archives of Ontario.
 * Ontario, Canada Land Gazetteer, 1875-81 lists the name, and sometimes the birth year, of more than 17,000 individuals extracted from Atlases of Ontario Canada, from 1875 to 1881. The entries in this database are not complete transcriptions of the original records. For those of you who would like to purchase a more detailed electronic transcript for a particular entry, highlight the information you found for the record you want, then copy and paste it into an e-mail to transcripts@ingeneas.com., along with your name and address. You will be contacted with additional information.
 * For the location of copies of these atlases available at other repositories, view the WorldCat Online Catalog. Many are also available on microfilm. Most of Ontario's illustrated historical atlases are indexed in:
 * The Central Canadians, 1600-1900, 3 vols. (Toronto: Genealogical Research Library, 1994). . . This index is in the FHL Canada reference area. Look in the back of each volume for the keys to localities and sources.
 * Canadian Genealogy Index, 1600s-1900s.

'''If you find an ancestor in one of these atlases, write down the name of the ancestor's county, township, concession number, and lot number.

Use the land description to find the land in Abstract Index Books.

 * The "land description" is the county, township name, concession number, and lot number.
 * Once you know this land description, you can use it to find the history of the transactions pertaining to the piece of land your ancestor owned. This history is recorded in short summaries (abstracts), kept in an "Abstract Index Book."
 * Be sure to note who sold the property to your ancestor, and who obtained the property from your ancestor—these are potential relatives.
 * Watch for wills and probate records listed in the abstractLook for the ancestor's land records in these sources:
 * Find the "memorial": the volume, page, and instrument number for the deed when your ancestor obtained the property, and the deed or will when they sold the property or died.

Finding Abstract Index Books

 * 1) Go to Ontario Land Registry Access Archives of Ontario.
 * 2) Use the Search field to select your Lsnd Record Office LRO (listed by county or district).
 * 3) Click on "Historical Books."
 * 4) Select Abstract/Parcel Register Book in the Search field on the left.
 * 5) Enter Property Description (township, concession, lot) in the search fields on the left.


 * These are arranged by county, township, concession, and lot numbers. They tell what happened to a particular piece of property through time, from the date of the original grant or patent to as late as 1959. The grantors (sellers) and grantees (buyers) are listed and should be considered candidates to be relatives.
 * Memorial numbers (file numbers, or Number of Instrument) are also listed for each transaction (sale or will). Write down the volume and file number or number of instrument of any sale or probate transaction for use looking up the deed. Watch for especially transactions between family members as they might state relationships.
 * Labeled abstract.png

FamilySearch
Use the "memorial", the Volume, page, and instrument number to find the actual deed or will. 1. Click on FamilySearch Catalog. 2. In the Place search, type in "Canada, Ontario [county name]". Click "Search". 3. Scroll down to the "Land and property" and Land and property - indexes". Click on the title, which is a link. 4. Find the entries for "deeds" or "land records". Click on the link. 5. Look for the film number that covers the township and volume number in the memorial. 6. Some combination of these icons will appear at the far right of the listing for the record. .  The magnifying glass indicates that the record is indexed. Clicking on the magnifying glass will take you to the index. Clicking on the camera will take you to an online digital copy of the records. 7. Some records might have viewing restrictions, and can only be viewed at a Family History Center near you, and/or by members of supporting organizations. Township Papers, ca. 1783-1870's. Crown Lands Department These records have viewing restrictions, and can only be viewed at a Family History Center near you, and/or by members of supporting organizations. Archives of Ontario, 1982. This series includes early records for most southern Ontario townships and some cities. Search alphabetically for the names of the townships and cities. Papers for lots in townships are arranged by concession and farm lot. Papers for cities are arranged alphabetically by owner's name. These records may include maps; petitions; correspondence about land disputes, including the names of ancestors; or military discharge papers showing the place of birth.

Search for probate records in land records.

 * Wills involving land transactions were often not recorded with the court; but they were copied into deed books or general register books filed with registrars of deeds at land offices.
 * When individuals died, their land was usually sold or transferred to an heir or creditor. Usually a person's last will and testament was copied either into a deed book at a land registry office, or into a probate record at the probate court or surrogate court to make a land transfer official.
 * Copies of the will or probate papers are rarely filed in both the land registry office and the court. But probate papers in the land registry are a hint that you may find some additional related papers in court records.
 * The Abstract Index Books (listed above) are the major indexes to wills recorded or memorialized in deed books.
 * For other methods of accessing wills and probate records, see Ontario Probate Records.

Heir and Devisee Records
The government created the Heir and Devisee Commissions to settle disputes about who was entitled to receive the letters patent for a parcel of land. These records may explain a person's entitlement to land, such as military service or Loyalist ancestry. They may list the date of an application for land, the age of the applicant, and his place of birth.
 * Heir and Devisee Commission
 * 1796-1894 Heir and Devisee Commission Land records, 1796-1894 - at FamilySearch
 * 1804-1895 Second Heir and Devisee Commission Case Files Database These 5184 case files, which date from 1804 to 1895, document claims for land made to the Second Heir and Devisee Commission.