Apache Indians



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The Apache Tribe is primarily associated with Spanish Southwest and the state of Oklahoma. See the Bands and Groups below for at least a partial listing of federally-recognized the subdivisions of the tribe, with their locations and reservations.

Linguistic Group: Athabascan

Cultural Group: Plains

Ancestral Homeland: Texas, Arizona and Mexico

Leaders: Cochise, Geronimo, Victorio
Apache Eastern: Lipan, Jicarilla, Mescalero, Chiricahua, and Kiowa Apache.

Apache Western: Chiricahua, Tonto, Pinal, Coyotero, Arivaipa, San Carlos, and White Mountain Apache

Population: 1990: 30,000

Tribal Headquarters
There is no single tribal headquarters for all parts of the Apache Indian Tribe in the United States. Each part of the tribe has their own tribal offices and headquarters. For information on those offices, see the individual pages for each part of the tribe. .

History
The Apache could not be suppressed by the Spanish or the Mexicans.

Brief Timeline

 * 1540: Francisdo Vasquez de Coronado's expedition
 * 1786: Presidio Ration Program, the Spanish distributed food and alcohol free to all Apache
 * 1835: Sonora post reward for Apache scalps
 * 1841: Jiarilla Apache deprived of land by a Mexican land grant
 * 1846: homeland became New Mexico Territory
 * 1848: Apache land ceded by Mexico to the United States
 * 1852 July 1, Treaty at Santa Fe
 * 1853 July 27, Treaty at Fort Atkinson, with the Comanche and Kiowa
 * 1861: The Chiricahuz under leadership of Cochise went to war with the United States
 * The Coyotero and Lipan were nearly exterminated
 * 1861: Cochise mistakenly arrested, beginning the Apache Wars
 * 1863: The Mescalero surrendered
 * 1863: Treaty
 * 1864: The Territorial Legislature of Arizona passed a resolution legalizing the killing of all Apache people.
 * 1865 October 14, with the Cheyenne and Arapaho
 * 1865 October 17, with the Cheyenne and Arapaho
 * 1867] October 21, at Council Camp with the Kiowa andComanche
 * 1868: Jicarilla surrendered
 * 1870: Reservations established
 * 1871: White Mountain Reservation
 * 1871: Tularosa Reservation - Mimbreno Apache
 * 1871: 125 Aravaipa killed at Camp Grant
 * 1872: Cochise and the Chiricahua made peace with the United States. A number of Chiricahua led by Geronimo rejected peeace and left the reservations to raid.
 * 1873: Mescalero Reservation is established
 * 1874: Cochise dies
 * 1875: Tonto Apache moved to San Carlos Apache Reservation
 * 1875: Yavapai Apache(1,000) settle on the San Carlos Reservation
 * 1877: Mimbreno Apache forced to move to San Carlos Reservation
 * 1886: Geronimo surrendered
 * 1887: a group of children sent to Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania
 * 1887: Jicarilla Reservation established
 * 1890's: Government mission schools established
 * 1897: White Mountain Reservation is divided into Fort Apache and San Carlos Reservations
 * 1903: Fort McDowell Reservation - Yavapai Apache
 * 1907: Jicarilla Reservation enlarged
 * 1913: Chiricahua Apache resettle on Mescalero Reservation
 * 1914: land near Camp Verde, Arizona is reserved for the Yavapai and Tonto Apache
 * 1937: Jicarilla Apache - constitution
 * 1938: White Mountain Apache - constitution

Additional References to the History of the Tribe and/or Bands
Frederick Webb Hodge, in his Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, gave a more complete history of the Apache tribe, with estimations of the population of the tribe at various time periods.

Reservations
Mescalero Reservation

White Mountain Reservation

Tularosa Reservation

San Carlos Resrvation

Arizona: Camp Verde, Fort Apache, White Mountain, San Carlos

New Mexico: Fort Sill

Oklahoma: Anadarko

Apaceh/Kiowa - Federal Trust land

Apache/Mojave/Yavapai - Fort McDowell

Apache/Yavapai - Camp Verde

Arapaho/ Shoshone - Wind River

Apache/Yavapai - Payson Community

Bands and Groups of the Tribe and Their Reservations
Apache Tribe of Oklahoma

Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma

Jicarilla Apache Nation, New Mexico (formerly Jicarilla Apache Tribe) -- Jicarilla Apache Reservation

Mescalero Apache Tribe -- Mescalero Reservation (New Mexico)

San Carlos Apache Tribe -- San Carlos Reservation (Arizona)

Tonto Apache Tribe of Arizona

White Mountain Apache Tribe -- Fort Apache Reservation (Arizona)

Yavapai-Apache Nation -- Camp Verde Reservation (Arizona)

Agency
San Carlos Agency

Treaties

 * 1852 July 1, at Santa Fe
 * 1853 July 27, at Fort Atkinson, with the Comanche and Kiowa
 * 1865 October 14, with the Cheyenne and Arapaho
 * 1865 October 17, with the Cheyenne and Arapaho
 * 1867 October 21, at Council Camp with the Kiowa andComanche

Vital Records

 * Kiowa Agency, M595, Births and Deaths 1924-1932, FHL Film: 576909, 1930-1936 FHL film: 576911
 * Truxton Canon Agency, M595, Births and Deaths 1924-1939, FHL Film: 583040
 * Jicarilla Agency, M595, Births and Deaths 1924-1929, FHL Film: 576887
 * Fort Sill Apache FHL film: 928251 item 8

Important Web Sites

 * Constitution and By-laws of the Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
 * Constitution and By-laws of the Yavapai-Apache Nation
 * White Mountain Apache Tribe Official Website

Apache

 * Carlson, Paul H. The Plains Indians. College Station, Texas: Texas A&amp;M University Press, c1998. FHL book 970.1 C197p

General

 * Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives; Record Group 75, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
 * Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1906 Available online.
 * Klein, Barry T., ed. Reference Encyclopedia of the American Indian. Nyack, New York: Todd Publications, 2009. 10th ed. WorldCat 317923332;.
 * Malinowski, Sharon and Sheets, Anna, eds. The Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. Detroit: Gale Publishing, 1998. 4 volumes. Includes: Lists of Federally Recognized Tribes for U.S., Alaska, and Canada – pp. 513-529 Alphabetical Listing of Tribes, with reference to volume and page in this series Map of “Historic Locations of U.S. Native Groups” Map of “Historic Locations of Canadian Native Groups” Map of “Historic Locations of Mexican, Hawaiian and Caribbean Native Groups” Maps of “State and Federally Recognized U.S. Indian Reservations. WorldCat 37475188;.


 * Vol. 1 -- Northeast, Southeast, Caribbean
 * Vol. 2 -- Great Basin, Southwest, Middle America
 * Vol. 3 -- Arctic, Subarctic, Great Plains, Plateau
 * Vol. 4 -- California, Pacific Northwest, Pacific Islands


 * Sturtevant, William C. Handbook of North American Indians. 20 vols., some not yet published. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978–.


 * Volume 1 -- Not yet published
 * Volume 2 -- Indians in Contemporary Society (pub. 2008) -- WorldCat 234303751
 * Volume 3 -- Environment, Origins, and Population (pub. 2006) -- WorldCat 255572371
 * Volume 4 -- History of Indian-White Relations (pub. 1988) -- WorldCat 19331914;.
 * Volume 5 -- Arctic (pub. 1984) -- WorldCat 299653808;.
 * Volume 6 -- Subarctic (pub. 1981) -- WorldCat 247493742;.
 * Volume 7 -- Northwest Coast (pub. 1990) -- WorldCat 247493311
 * Volume 8 -- California (pub. 1978) -- WorldCat 13240086;.
 * Volume 9 -- Southwest (pub. 1979) -- WorldCat 26140053;.
 * Volume 10 -- Southwest (pub. 1983) -- WorldCat 301504096;.
 * Volume 11 -- Great Basin (pub. 1986) -- WorldCat 256516416;.
 * Volume 12 -- Plateau (pub. 1998) -- WorldCat 39401371;.
 * Volume 13 -- Plains, 2 vols. (pub. 2001) -- WorldCat 48209643
 * Volume 14 -- Southeast (pub. 2004) -- WorldCat 254277176
 * Volume 15 -- Northwest (pub. 1978) -- WorldCat 356517503;.
 * Volume 16 -- Not yet published
 * Volume 17 -- Languages (pub. 1996) -- WorldCat 43957746
 * Volume 18 -- Not yet published
 * Volume 19 -- Not yet published
 * Volume 20 -- Not yet published


 * Swanton John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 Available online.
 * Waldman, Carl. Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. New York, New York: Facts on File, 2006. 3rd ed. WorldCat 14718193;.