Chinese Emigration and Immigration

Online Resources

 * 1882-1888 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection; index and images
 * 1882-1947 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection; index and images
 * 1882-1888 San Francisco, California, Registers of Chinese Laborers Returning to the U.S., 1882-1888 at Ancestry ($); index and images
 * 1882-1903 Portland, Oregon, Chinese Immigrant Landing Records and Applications for Admission, 1882-1903 at Ancestry ($); index and images
 * 1883-1923 U.S., Chinese Immigration Case Files, 1883-1923 at Ancestry ($); index and images
 * 1883-1924 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection; index and images
 * 1884-1940 California, Chinese Arrival Case Files Index, 1884-1950 at Ancestry ($); index
 * 1893-1943 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection; index and images
 * 1895-1989 Hawaii, Certificates of Identification for Chinese Arrivals, 1895-1898 at Ancestry ($); index and images
 * 1898-1943 New York, Index to Chinese Exclusion Case Files, 1898-1943 at Ancestry ($); index
 * 1900-1923 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection; images only
 * 1903-1944 North Dakota and Washington, Chinese Passenger Arrivals and Disposition, 1903-1944 at Ancestry ($); index and images
 * 1903-1944 California, Index to Chinese Exclusion Case Files, 1903-1944 at Ancestry ($); index
 * 1903-1944 Hawaii, Index to Chinese Exclusion Case Files, 1903-1944 at Ancestry ($); index
 * 1903-1947 San Francisco, California, Chinese Passenger Arrivals and Disposition, 1903-1947 at Ancestry ($); index and images
 * 1905-1923 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection; index and images
 * 1906-1912, 1929-1941 Vancouver, British Columbia, Manifests of Chinese Arrivals, 1906-1912, 1929-1941 at Ancestry ($); index and images
 * Angel Island Immigration Station
 * USCIS
 * USCIS Genealogy Program
 * National Archives
 * Angel Island Immigration Station Immigrant Voices

Emigration to America

 * The first Chinese immigrants arrived in 1820, according to U.S. government records. 325 men are known to have arrived before the 1849 California Gold Rush, which drew the first significant number of laborers from China who mined for gold and performed menial labor.
 * There were 25,000 immigrants by 1852, and 105,465 by 1880, most of whom lived on the West Coast. They formed over a tenth of California's population. *Chinese workers migrated to the United States, first to work in the gold mines, but also to take agricultural jobs, and factory work, especially in the garment industry.
 * Nearly all of the early immigrants were young males with low educational levels from six districts in Guangdong Province. The Guangdong province experienced extreme floods and famine in the mid-nineteenth century. The instability caused by these events led to mass political unrest in the province in the form of the Taiping Rebellion. Most Chinese came from Southern China looking for a better life to escape a high poverty as a result of the Taiping Rebellion.
 * These Chinese immigrants were predominantly men. By 1900 only 4,522 of the 89,837 Chinese migrants that lived in the U.S. were women. The lack of women migrants was largely due to the passage of U.S. anti-immigration laws.
 * Upon arrival to the U.S. Chinese men and women were separated from each other as they awaited hearings on their immigration status, which often took weeks. Ninety percent of the Chinese women who immigrated to the US between 1898 and 1908 did so to join their husband or father who already resided in the U.S.
 * In the 1850s, Chinese immigrants were particularly instrumental in building railroads in the U.S. west. The Central Pacific Railroad recruited large labor gangs, many on five-year contracts, to build its portion of the Transcontinental Railroad. The Chinese laborers worked out well and thousands more were recruited until the railroad's completion in 1869. Chinese labor provided the massive workforce needed to build the majority of the Central Pacific's difficult route through the Sierra Nevada mountains and across Nevada.
 * As Chinese laborers grew successful in the United States, a number of them became entrepreneurs in their own right. As the numbers of Chinese laborers increased, so did the strength of anti-Chinese attitude among other workers in the U.S. economy. This finally resulted in legislation that aimed to limit future immigration of Chinese workers to the United States through the Chinese Exclusion Act.
 * Nativist objections to Chinese immigration to the U.S. took many forms, and generally stemmed from economic and cultural tensions, as well as ethnic discrimination.
 * Most Chinese laborers who came to the United States did so in order to send money back to China to support their families there. At the same time, they also had to repay loans to the Chinese merchants who paid their passage to North America.
 * From the 1850s through the 1870s, the California state government passed a series of measures aimed at Chinese residents, ranging from requiring special licenses for Chinese businesses or workers to preventing naturalization. Because anti-Chinese discrimination and efforts to stop Chinese immigration violated the 1868 Burlingame-Seward Treaty with China, the federal government was able to negate much of this legislation.
 * The Chinese population rose from 2,716 in 1851 to 63,000 by 1871. In the decade 1861–70, 64,301 were recorded as arriving, followed by 123,201 in 1871–80 and 61,711 in 1881–1890. 77% were located in California, with the rest scattered across the West, the South, and New England.
 * In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which suspended the immigration of Chinese laborers (skilled or unskilled) for a period of 10 years. The Act also required every Chinese person traveling in or out of the country to carry a certificate identifying his or her status as a laborer, scholar, diplomat, or merchant. The 1882 Act was the first in American history to place broad restrictions on immigration.
 * In 1888, Congress took exclusion even further and passed the Scott Act, which made reentry to the United States after a visit to China impossible, even for long-term legal residents. The Chinese Government considered this act a direct insult, but was unable to prevent its passage. In 1892, Congress voted to renew exclusion for ten years in the Geary Act, and in 1902, the prohibition was expanded to cover Hawaii and the Philippines, all over strong objections from the Chinese Government and people. Congress later extended the Exclusion Act indefinitely. The Chinese Exclusion Acts were not repealed until 1943, and then only in the interests of aiding the morale of a wartime ally during World War II.