National Archives and Records Administration

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Contact Information
E-mail: Several e-mail options are available at National Archives and Records Administration

Mailing Address:

The National Archives at College Park, Maryland (Archives II) 
 * 8601 Adelphi Road
 * College Park, MD 20740-6001

National Archives in Washington, D.C. (Archives I)


 * National Archives Building—Research Entrance
 * 700 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW

Telephone: 1-866-272-6272, or TDD 301-837-0482 Fax:  301-837-0483

Hours: Monday, Tuesday, Saturday 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.; Wednesday, Thursday, Friday 9:00 am to 9:00 p.m. For record pull-times, holidays, and other details, click here.

Public transportation:


 * Subway. In Washington, DC, take Metrorail's Yellow or Green lines to the Archives/Navy Memorial station. The Archives/Navy Memorial stop is across Pennsylvania Avenue from the Archives building.
 * Bus. In Washington, DC, Metrobuses 30, 32, 34, 36, 53, A42, A46, A48, P1, P2, P4, P17, P19, and W13 stop at the National Archives on Pennsylvania Avenue.
 * Parking. No parking at the building is available for researchers. Several commercial parking lots are located nearby and metered curb parking may be available on nearby streets.

Regional Archives-Facilities and Affiliated Archives by State

 * National Archives at Atlanta: Alabama,Florida,Georgia,Kentucky,Mississippi,North Carolina, South Carolina,Tennessee.
 * National Archives at Boston: Connecticut,Massachusetts,Maine,New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont
 * National Archives at Chicago: Illinois,Indiana,Michigan,Minnesota,Ohio, Wisconsin
 * National Archives at Denver: Colorado,Montana,New Mexico, North Dakota,South Dakota,Utah,Wyoming
 * National Archives at Fort Worth: Arkansas,Louisiana,Oklahoma,Texas
 * National Archives at Kansas:Iowa,Kansas,Minnesota,Missouri,Nebraska,North Dakota,South Dakota
 * National Archives at New York City: New Jersey,New York,Puerto Rico,U.S. Virgin Islands
 * National Archives at Philadelphia:Delaware,Maryland,Pennsylvania,Virginia,West Virginia
 * National Archives at St. Louis
 * National Archives at Riverside: Arizona,Clark County, Nevada, Southern California
 * National Archives at San Francisco: California:northern & central,Nevada,Hawaii,US Navy Bases on foreign territory-Pacific and Far East,America Samoa,Guam,Trust Territory Pacific Islands
 * National Archives at Seattle: Alaska,Idaho,Oregon,Washington

Internet Sites and Databases

 * National Archives Archives.gov Internet home page
 * Genealogists/Family Historians—National Archives online guide
 * Microfilm Publications and Original Records Digitized by Our Digitization Partners NARA blog
 * NARA Records Online at FamilySearch as of August 30, 2014
 * Archival Research Catalog (ARC) of NARA's nationwide holdings in the D.C. area, Regional Branches, and Presidential Libraries
 * Access to Archival Databases (AAD) of over 85 million digitized records created by 30 government agencies (but limited to only 475 out of NARA's 200,000 data files)
 * Browse list of research topics selected from frequently requested records at the National Archives
 * BLM-GLO Land Patent Index to federal land sales, homesteads, military-bounty, mining, or timberland transfers.
 * NARA and FHL film numbers explains how to find the Family History Library microfilm number starting from a National Archives number. For a conversion tabe, [[Media:NARA2FHL.pdf|click here]].

National Archives Programs

 * National Archives Virtual Genealogy Fair
 * Know Your Records Program
 * Citizen Archivist Dashboard
 * Citizen Archivist Dashboard - Frequently Asked Questions
 * Innovation Hub - Citizen Scanning
 * Innovation Hub - Recently Scanned Documents

Collection Description
The National Archives has a vast collection of documents created by the United States federal government. The records most often used by genealogists are census, military, land, immigration, and naturalization records. *Record Group

The National Archives Building in Washington, DC (Archives I), houses textual and microfilm records relating to genealogy, American Indians, pre-World War II military and naval-maritime matters, the New Deal, the District of Columbia, the Federal courts, and Congress.


 * See also National Archives at College Park, Maryland (Archives II).
 * See also National Personnel Records Center (NPRC), St. Louis, Missouri, military records 1912-1952.
 * See also '''National Archives at St. Louis


 * United States National Archives Twentieth Century Military Records Coverage Table

National Archives Catalog
"The National Archives Catalog is the online catalog of NARA's nationwide holdings in the Washington, DC area, Regional Archives and Presidential Libraries." Not all of NARA's records are described in the catalog, but NARA is working towards complete coverage. Researchers can search the catalog by keyword, dates, person name, topic, physical location of records, and digitized images. Most records descripted are at the series level within record groups. The catalog search results also include scanned textual images, webpages; maps, photographs, motion pictures, etc.

"How to Search in the catalog" for more details. "Catalog Guide for Genealogists and Family Historians" contains guidance specific for genealogists.
 * Using the National Archives Catalog
 * National Archives Catalog Search Tips What Does the catalog Search ?
 * National Archives Catalog Guide for Genealogists and Family Historians Includes Tips for Searching and Individual's Name; Tips for Searching By Topic; Suggested Keywords


 * Claire Prechtel Kluskens. The National Archives Catalog. NGS Magazine 43 # 3 (October-December, 2017): 40- 43.

 Online Catalog Field Names 
 * Series: Name and Date Range
 * National Archives Identifier (NAID): A unique number assigned to a Record Group, Series, File Unit or Item in the catalog.
 * Creator(s): Name of creating government agencies
 * From: Record Group No and Name
 * Level of Description: Series, File Unit, or Item
 * Type(s) of Archival Materials
 * The creator compiled or maintained the series between: Date Range
 * Includes: # of file unite(s) described in the catalog - Search within this series
 * Arrangement: How the records are arranged
 * Access Restriction(s): Unrestricted, restricted,
 * Use Restriction(s):
 * Custodial History:
 * Scope & Content: Series Description
 * Extent Size: linear feet and inches
 * Contact(s) Collection Location
 * Count
 * Copy 1: Media Information: Specific Media Type

 Record Hierarchy in the Online Catalog: 
 * Record Group (RG) number – A record group is a grouping created by NARA that comprises the records of a government bureau or agency.
 * Record Series Records that are arranged according to a particular filing system of a government agency. Record are described in the catalog at the Series level.
 * File Unit
 * Item


 * Inventory Entry Number – An inventory or preliminary inventory is a finding aid, and generally includes a brief administrative history of the organization(s) as well as series descriptions of their records. Inventory Entry Numbers were formerly called Inventory Identifiers.

Search Results can be filtered in multiple ways - See column at the left side of the screen
 * By Data Source: Archival Descriptions with Digital Descriptions; Archives.gov (webpages); Archival Descriptions; Authority Records (Organization and Person Name Authority)
 * Refine by Level of Description: Item, File unit; Series; Collection
 * Refine By Type of Materials: Textual; Moving Images; Photographs and Other Graphic Materials; Maps and Carts; Architectural and Engineering Drawings; Sound Recordings; Artifacts
 * Refine By File Format: Image (JPG); Portable Document File (MP4); ASCII Text; Image (GIF); MS Excel Spreadsheet; Audio Visual File; text cvs; Microsoft word document; Compressed (ZIP) file, etc.
 * Refine By Location:
 * Refine By Record Group/Collection
 * Refine By Date: Date Range

 Sort By  Relevance; Title; National Archives Identifier; Local Identifier; HMS Entry Number (Preliminary Inventory)

' Additional Filters: Top of Page Include: All; Available Online; Web Pages (Archives.gov pages); Documents (Textual); Images (Photographs); Videos (Digitized Motion Pictures}

Selected Digitized Collections
The the Record Group Explorer and Record Group Explorer Data webpages will identify record groups with digital records in the National Archives Catalog.
 * Record Group Explorer Identifies by Record Groups the percentage of scans online.
 * Record Group Explorer Data Identifies by Record Groups the number of textual scans online, estimate total textual pages, percentage online.


 * National Archives Catalog Digitized Collections - Coverage Tables FamilySearch WIKI

 Military Records
 * Register Showing Gains and Losses of Hospital Matrons on Duty at Army Posts, 1893-1904. NAID 57276173
 * Army Air Force. Award Cards, 1942-1963. NAID 4530002
 * Carded Marriage Records, 1883-1916. Married on U.S. Army Posts, 1883-1916. NAID 655730
 * Index to Personalities in the US Army Signal Corps Photographic Files,1940-1981. NAID 530686
 * Muster Rolls of Naval Ships. 1.1.1860 - 6.9.1900. NAID 563603
 * Card Index to Navy Courts Martial, 1900-1951. NAID 5080503
 * Identification Cards for Employees, 1941-1942, Adjutant General's Office, RG 94. NAID 7563237
 * Returns of Military Organizations, ca. 1800 - 12/1916 NAID 300381
 * Cadets Continuing Training. U.S. Army Balloon School, Fort Omaha, Nebraska, 1918-1919. NAID 74223651
 * Register of Reports on Claims for Pay Due Deceased Soldiers, 2/24/1854 - 3/15/1861.
 * Muster Rolls of U.S. Navy Ships, Stations, and Other Naval Activities, 1/1/1939 - 1/1/1949 NAID 594996
 * Muster Rolls and Personnel Diaries of U.S. Navy Ships, Stations, and Other Naval Activities, 1/1/1949 - 12/31/1971
 * Carded Medical Records of the Regular Army, 1894 - 1912 NAID 655639

 Cemetery 
 * Applications for Headstones for Sailors, Marines, and Soldiers Buried Outside the Continental United States, 1909 - 1923. NAID 607867
 * Headstone Inscription and Interment Records for U.S. Military Cemeteries on Foreign Soil, 1942 - 1949 NAID 7408555

 Revolutionary War 
 * Account Book of George Washington During the Revolutionary War, RG 56 Department of the Treasury. NAID 302017
 * Record Book of Proceedings for Pensions. US Circuit Court for the District of Connecticut. NAID 102278361
 * Letters, Lists and Supporting Documents. US Circuit Court for the District of Connecticut. NAID 102278362
 * Register of Papers Submitted by Revolutionary War Pensioners, 6.1820-12.1836. US District Court for the District of Maine. NAID 3144488
 * Records Relating to Revolutionary War Pension Applicants. US Circuit Court for the District of Massachusetts. NAID 102251035
 * Record Book of Proceedings on Petitions for Revolutionary War Pensions.US Circuit Court for the District of Rhode Island. NAID 102251070

 War of 1812 
 * Indexes to Carded Records of Soldiers Who Served in Volunteer Organizations During the War of 1812, 1899 - 1927. NAID 654501
 * Carded Records Showing Military Service of Soldiers Who Fought in Volunteer Organizations During the War of 1812, 1899 - 1927. NAID 300392
 * War of 1812 Petitions, Dept. of the Treasury. Customs Service. Collection District of New London, Connecticut. Office of the Collector of Customs. NAID 5888628

 War with Mexico, 1846 - 1848.
 * Indexes to the Carded Records of Soldiers Who Served in Volunteer Organizations During the Mexican War, 1899 - 1927. NAID 654518
 * Carded Records Showing Military Service of Soldiers Who Fought in Volunteer Organizations During the Mexican War, 1899 - 1927. NAID 654520

 Civil War 
 * Lists of Wagonmasters, Teamsters, Laborers, and Other Employees, 8.1861-10.1862 NAID 131043647.
 * List of Wagonmasters Serving in the Civil War, ca. 1900-ca. 1912. NAID 4707061. Digital images
 * List of Female Nurses, Cooks, and Laundresses Employed in Army Hospital During the Civil War. NAID 28277783.
 * Lists of Male and Female Nurses, ca. 180-c. 1890. NAID 2561317.
 * Records of Civil War Chaplains, 1861-1865. NAID 1226240.
 * Recommendations for Employments, 1861-1867. Schuylkill Arsenal, Philadelphia. NAID 854656
 * Statements of Service of Civil War Medical Cadets, 1898-ca. 1920. NAID 2561105
 * Name Index to Press Copies of Letters Sent Granting Permits to Sutlers. NAID 122681358
 * Register of Exemptions of Men from the Service,1863-1866, Rhode Island, 1st District. NAID 121044771
 * Medical Register of Examinations of Enrolled Men,1863-1866, Rhode Island, 1st District. NAID 121044770
 * Recommendations of the Board of Enrollment for Appointment or Transfer of Applicants into the Invalid Corps, 1863-1866, Rhode Island, 1st District. NAID 121044772
 * Certificates of Disability for Enlisted Men Examined by Dr. George E. Brickett,1863-1866, Maine. NAID 121044773
 * Descriptive Book of Massachusetts Recruits Examined by Dr. B. Joy Jefferies,1863-1866. NAID 121044774
 * Records of Death and Internment at Camp Nelson, Kentucky, 1864-1865. NAID 279423
 * Troops Tendered to the Confederate War Department, 1861 NAID 7403347
 * Legislative & Executive - Prison Pens; Canada Raids; Secret Operations 1864; A Few Items Relating to Prisoners at Andersonville, Georgia; and Operations from Canada. NAID 7459760
 * Case Files of Approved Pension Applications of Widows and Other Dependents of the Army and Navy Who Served Mainly in the Civil War and the War With Spain, 1861 - 1934. NAID 300020
 * Carded Records Showing Military Service of Soldiers Who Fought in Volunteer Organizations During the American Civil War, 1890 - 1912. NAID 300020
 * Post and reservation Maps, 1820-1905. NAID 305818
 * List of Claims Filed with the Office of U.S. Military Railroads, 1864-1866. NAID 4711702
 * Reports of Clerks, Wagonmasters, and Printers Employed at Various Posts, 10/1865 - 12/1865 NAID 4707062

 War with Spain, 1898 
 * Indexes to the Carded Records of Soldiers Who Served in Volunteer Organizations During the Spanish-American War, 1899 - 1927. NAID 654543
 * Carded Records Showing Military Service of Soldiers Who Fought in Volunteer Organizations During the Spanish-American War, 1899 - 1927. NAID 300400
 * Casualty List, Rough Riders, July 1 to 3, 1898. Attachment to Report of Operations. NAID 301979

 World War I, 1917-1918  World War II 1941-1945
 * Card Register of Burials of Deceased American Soldiers, 1917 - 1922. NAID 6943087
 * Compiled Data on Casualties of the American Expeditionary Forces by State or United States Possession, 1917-1919. NAID 1726747
 * Records of Divisions, 36th Division, World War I Soldier Letters NAID 301641
 * Burial Reports,1919-1920. Cemeterial Branch. World War I. NAID 6928160
 * Correspondence, Reports, Telegrams, Applications and Other Papers Relating to Burials of Service Personnel, 1.1.1915 - 12.31.1939. NAID 595318
 * Lists of Permits Issued to Enemy Aliens. Justice Dept. Office of the U.S. Marshal District of Kansas. NAID 46701813
 * U.S. Food Administration. Iowa State Food Administration. Card Index to Licensed Bakers, ca. 1918. NAID 5111276
 * Department of Justice. Office of the Attorney General for the Judicial District of Minnesota. Reports of Special Agents NAID 5923162
 * Enemy Alien Registration Affidavits,1917-1921. Dept. of Justice District of Kansas. NAID 286181
 * Applications of the Wives of Members of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe, ca. 1919 - ca. 1920
 * State Summaries of War Casualties for the United States Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard during World War II, 1946. NAID 305185
 * Cadet Nurse Corps Files, 1943-1948. NAID 5605027
 * (European) Weekly Burial Reports 115: December - December 17, 1944. NAID 28263915
 * Name Index to the Series Missing Air Crew Reports (MACRs),1942-1947. NAID 641086
 * Muster Rolls of U.S. Navy Ships, Stations, and Other Naval Activities, 1/1/1939 - 1/1/1949

 African American 
 * Confederate Slave Rolls, 1874-1899. NAID 719477
 * Fugitive Slave Record Book, 1850-1860. US District Court for the District of Maryland. NAID 278889
 * Register of Work Done by Slave Labor at Fort Monroe, 9.1.1820-4.30.1824. NAID 122681376
 * Register of Impressed Slaves, 1864-1865. NAID 7970737 RG 109
 * Lists of Colored Troops Enlisted, ca. 1864. NAID 2775111. RG 110
 * Inspection Roll of Negroes No. 1 Miscellaneous Papers of the Continental Congress. RG 360
 * Inspection Roll of Negroes No. 2 Miscellaneous Papers of the Continental Congress. RG 360

 Native American
 * Marriage License Records, 1888-1922. Crow Creek Agency. Office of Indian Affairs. NAID 12009340
 * Correspondence, Reports, and Other Records Relating to American Indians Serving with the American Expeditionary Forces, 1917-1919. NAID 6704646
 * List and Schedule of Cherokees and their Families Enrolled for Emigration West Since July 1, 1833. NAID 131051882
 * Card Files Relating to Indian World War I, 1920. NAID 2124203
 * Central Map File, 1824 - 1960. Bureau of Indian Affairs. NAID 305482
 * Indians Qualified under Section 1 of the Act of May 18, 1928. Dept. of the Interior. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Division of Community Services. Branch of Employment Assistance. Los Angeles Field Employment Assistance Office. NAID 27753207
 * Indian Treaties, 1789-1869. NAID 299798
 * Enrollment Cards for the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914.. M1186. NAID 251747

 Hawaii
 * Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii. NAID 595390
 * Applications for Headstones for Sailors, Marines, and Soldiers Buried Outside the United States, 1911-1924: Hawaii NAID 167772223

 Immigration and Naturalization
 * Alien Case Files, 1944 - 2009. Records of the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, NAID 6105565
 * Mediterranean Passports, 1802-1840. Dept of the Treasury. Customs Service. Collection District of New Bedford, Massachsuetts. NAID 594976
 * Indexes to Naturalization Records, 1900 -1991. US District Court Western District of New York. NAID 5722478
 * Manifests of Alien Arrivals at Blaine, Washington, 7/1924 - 10/1956. NAID 2675039
 * Immigration Arrival Investigation Case Files, 1884 - 1944. San Francisco District Office. NAID 296445

 Taxation
 * Tax Book of Land and Houses in Kent and Warren, Connecticut. NAID 88680304.

 Bureau of Prisons 
 * Inmate Case Files, 1902-1922. U.S. Penitentiary, Atlanta. NAID 607937
 * Comprehensive Case Files of Former Inmates Incarcerated at U.S. Penitentiary, Alcatraz, California, ca. 3/1975 - ca. 1988. NAID 622809
 * Comprehensive Case Files of Former Inmates Incarcerated at U.S. Penitentiary, Alcatraz, California, ca. 3/1975 - ca. 1988. NAID 622809

 US District Court 
 * Territorial Case Files Transferred to the U.S. District Court, 1870 - 1896. NAID 1116809

US General Land Office  US Postal Service 
 * Abstracts of Military Warrants for the Act of 1850. Chariton (Iowa) Land Office. NAID 140121491
 * Homestead Final Certificates, 1869 - 1893. Grand Island Nebraska NAID 7820297
 * Records of Appointment of Postmasters and the Establishment of Post Officers, 7.1.1931 -10.31.1971. NAID 17027522

Tips

 * Researchers first visiting Archives I, the National Archives and Records Administration building in Washington, DC, proceed to the Research Center on the first floor. Depending upon the types of records requested, researchers may need to first obtain a researcher identification card. You can get your research card in the Research Center. During the registration process, new researchers will view a short PowerPoint orientation emphasizing the safe handling of records and explaining the most basic research procedures, responsibilities, and rules. New researchers should plan for a total of 15-20 minutes to complete the registration process.
 * Most of the National Archives records are arranged by record group. Record groups are based on the agency creating the record. For help identifying record groups to use for research see the following guides.


 * Start Your Genealogy Research

Guides

 * Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives of the United States in National Archives Archives.gov at http://archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/ (accessed 5 April 2009). Provides a general overview of NARA's holdings at the record group level, and is intended to assist researchers in identifying which record groups may have material relevant to their research topics. This Internet edition is an expanded version of Robert B. Matchette, and Jan Shelton Danis, Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives of the United States, 3rd ed., 3 vols. (Washington, D.C.: NARA, 1998). ( 973 A3gui). WorldCat entry.
 * Anne Bruner Eales, and Robert M. Kvasnicka, eds. Guide to Genealogical Research in the National Archives of the United States. 3rd ed. (Washington, DC: NARA, 2000) ( 973 J53e). WorldCat entry. Explains records collections used most by genealogical researchers: Census, Passenger Arrivals and Border Crossings, Naturalizations, Military, Land, Native Americans, African Americans, and more.
 * Loretto Dennis Szucs, and Sandra Hargreaves Luebking, The Archives: a Guide to the National Archives Field Branches (Salt Lake City: Ancestry, 1988) ( 973 A3sz). WorldCat entry. Several page descriptions for each Regional Branch, but mostly a list of record groups by number. Relatively little of the book is about the main branch.
 * Christina K. Schaefer, The Center: A Guide to Genealogical Research in the National Capitol Area (Baltimore: Genealogical Publ., 1996) ( 975.3 A3sc). WorldCat entry. Explains using research rooms, census, military, immigration, naturalization, passport, American Indian, African American, Confederate, tax, W.P.A., and federal land records.
 * US National Archives YouTube Channel - hundreds of videos about the archives and their collections &amp; services

Alternate Repositories
If you cannot visit or find a record at the National Archives Building (Archives I), a similar record may be available at one of the following.

Overlapping Collections


 * National Archives at College Park, Maryland (Archives II) houses documents created after 1900 at the departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Justice, Labor, State, Transportation, and Treasury, and modern military records.
 * National Archives—Regional Branches. Each Regional Branch has copies of key records in Washington, as well as regional records, e.g. Atlanta for the Southern region, and Fort Worth has a strong American Indian collection.
 * National Personnel Records Center (NPRC), St. Louis, government and military personnel records starting 1917.
 * Allen County Public Library (Indiana) has a premier genealogical periodical collection, genealogies, local histories, databases, military, censuses, directories, passenger lists, American Indians, African Americans, Canadians.
 * Mid-Continent Public Library Midwest Genealogy Center, Independence, MO, national censuses/indexes, 80,000 family histories, 100,000 local histories, 565,000 microfilms, 7,000 maps, and extensive newspaper clippings.
 * Ancestry.com ($) subscription site with wide-ranging images and indexes of National Archives census, military, naturalization, passenger arrivals, border crossings, and published passenger lists.
 * Fold3.com ($) subscription site with indexes and images to hundreds of National Archives record types including Revolutionary War and Civil War service records and pensions, draft registrations, census, etc.
 * HeritageQuestOnline.com ($) by subscription &amp; at many libraries--Revolutionary War pension &amp; bounty land files.
 * Castle Garden 1830-1892 and Ellis Island 1892-1924 indexes &amp; images to New York City passenger arrivals.

 Family History Library   NARA Series to FHL film Conversion
 * Family History Library, Salt Lake City, has many National Archives census, immigration, land, military, and naturalization records on microfilm.
 * For a list of microfilms at both NARA and the Family History Library, click here.
 * Category: NARA Microfilm Number Conversion
 * A1154-M317
 * M318-M541
 * M542-M694
 * M698-M1002
 * M1003-M1523
 * M1524-M1674
 * M1675-T715
 * T716-T1067
 * T1068-T1279

Neighboring Collections


 * Library of Congress, Washington, DC, Local History and Genealogy Reading Room is part of the world's largest library including 50,000 genealogies, 100,000 local histories, and collections of manuscripts, microfilms, maps, newspapers, photographs, and published material, strong in North American, British Isles, and German sources.
 * Daughters of the American Revolution Library, Washington DC, Revolutionary War and colonial period, including family and local histories, cemetery transcriptions, Bible records, 15,000 genealogical membership applications.
 * DC Vital Records Division for birth and death records. DC Superior Court for marriage and divorce records.
 * Washington DC Family History Center has premium online services for free, and can offer research suggestions.
 * Maryland State Archives, Annapolis, census, court, church, vital, military, probate, land, tax, immigration, naturalizations.
 * Library of Virginia, Richmond, digital sources, databases, vital, military, newspapers, periodicals, tax, history, land records.
 * State archives for each state have archival records for people dealing with the state governments. See the Library and Archives Wiki pages for each state of the United States for further details.
 * Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, vital, census, immigration, naturalization, military, land, and employment.
 * Archivo General de la Nación (AGN), Mexico City, church, civil, census, court, history, military, migration, land.