Chippewa Tribe



Various Spellings: Chippewa, Ojibway, Ojibwa

Chippewa is the Anglicized version of Ojibway (also spelled Ojibwe and Ojibwa). The name Chippewa is more commonly used in the United States and the name Ojibway is more common in Canada.

Bands: Missisaugaa and Salteaux   Other Bands: Fish, Loon, Marten, Crane, and the Bear

Little Shell Band of Chippewa

Original Homelands: Great Lakes region; Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, North Dakota and Ontario.

Linguistic: Algonquian

See also: Chippewa-Cree

History
The Chippewa or Ojibway Indians are one of the largest groups of American Indians in North America. There are nearly 150 different bands of Chippewa in the northern part of the United States and in southern Canada (especially in Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan).

The Chippewa were exposed to non-indians in the early 1600's. The tribe established trade relations with the French. During the French and Indian War they fought with the French to protect their trade relationships.

Relationships with other tribes developed as inter tribial warfare broght them together with the Ottawa, Potawatomi, Sac, Meskwaki and Kickapoo to defeat the Illinois in 1769.

The tribe fought with and supported the British during the Revolutionary War.

Land cessions began in 1815, and continued through the mid 1800's. As land was ceded many tribal members migrated.

In 1860 the tribe was removed to Indian Territory in Oklahoma. In 1892 assigned to Turtle Mountain Reservation in North Dakota, later assigned to the Rocky Boy's reservation in Montana with the Cree tribe with whom they had united with in the 1890's later becoming known as Chippewa-Cree

Brief Timeline

 * 1622: encounter a Frenchman employed by Samuel de Champlain
 * 1689-1763: fought with French in the French and Indian War, to protect their trade interest
 * 1754-63: fought with French in French and Indian War
 * 1769: Joined the Ottawa, Potawatomi, Sac, Meskwaki and Kickapoo to defeat the Illinois tribe
 * 1776- 1783: Fought with British during the Revolutionary War
 * 1815: Ceded much of their land
 * 1830: in opposition to the Indian removal Act; many of the tribe moved north to Canada. Some remained in the U.S.
 * 1836: May 9, the Swan Creek and Black River Chippewa sign a treaty.
 * 1847: ceded land in Michigan and Wisconsin
 * 1860: removed to Indian territory (Oklahoma)
 * 1890's the Chippewa tribe united with the Cree tribe
 * 1892: assigned to Turtle Mountain Reservation in North Dakota
 * 1916: assigned to Rocky Boy's Reservation in Montana with the Plains Cree
 * 1968: the American Indian Movement (AIM) founded by three Ojibwa: Dennis Banks, George Mitchell, and Clyde Bellecourt

Reservations
Bay Mills, Grand Portage, Leeck Lake, Mille Lacs, Red Lake, Nett Lake, Turtle Mountain, White Earth, Rocky Boy's, Bad River, Lac Courte Oreilles, Lac du Flambeau, Keweenaw Bay, Fond Du Lac, Mole Lake, Red Cliff, and St. Croix

Additional References to the History of the Tribe and/or Bands
Frederick Webb Hodge, in his Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, gave a more complete history of the Chippewa tribe, with estimations of the population of the tribe at various time periods. Additional details are given in John Swanton's The Indian Tribes of North America.

Ohio History Central article on the Chippewa Indians

United States
Many of the bands or groups of Chippewa in the United States reside in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The band names have changed or have been spelled differently over time. Many of the groups listed below have their own reservation. Some are federally recognized and have an agency of the Bureau of Indian Affairs with whom they interact. Multiple groups sometimes interact with a single BIA Agency. More information will be forthcoming on pages for each of the bands or groups listed below.

Some of the larger bands of Chippewa in the United States are:

Canada
The Ojibway First Nation in Canada live primarily in Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan.

Agencies

 * Chippewa Agency

Treaties

 * 1785 January 21, at Fort McIntosh - Wyandot
 * 1789 January 9, at Fort Harmar - Wyandot
 * 1795 August 3, at Greenville - Wyandot
 * 1805 July 4, at Fort Industry - Wyandot
 * November 17, 1807, at Detroit - Ottawa
 * 1808 November 25, at Brownstown
 * 1815 September 8, at Spring Wells - Wyandot
 * 1816 August 24, at St. Louis - Ottawa
 * 1817 September 29, on the Miami - Wyandot
 * 1818 Wyandot
 * 1819 September 24, at Saginaw
 * 1820 June 16, at Sault Ste. Marie
 * 1820 July 6, L'Arbe Croche and Michilmackinac
 * 1821 August 29, at Chicago - Ottawa
 * 1825 with the Sioux
 * 1826 August 19, at Fond du Lac
 * 1827 August 11, at Butte des Morts
 * 1828 August25, at Green Bay - Winnebago
 * 1829 July 29, at Prairie du Chien
 * September 26, 1833, at Chicago
 * March 28, 1836, - Ottawa
 * 1836 May 9, at Washington
 * 1837 January 14, at Detroit
 * 1837 July 29, at St. Peter
 * 1837 December, at Flint River
 * 1838 January 23, at Saginaw
 * 1839 February 7,
 * 1842 October 4, at La Pointe
 * June 5 and 17, 1846, at Council Bluffs
 * 1846 Potawatomi Nation
 * August 2, 1847, at Fond du Lac
 * 1847 August 2, Chippewa of the Mississippi and Lake Superior
 * August 2, 1847, Pillager Band of Chippewa
 * August 21, 1847, at Leech Lake
 * 1854 September 30, at La Pointe
 * 1855 February 22, at Washington
 * 1855 August 2, of Saginaw
 * July 31, 1855, at Detroit -
 * August 2, 1855, at Detroit -Chippewa of Sault Ste., Marie
 * 1859 July 16, at Sauk and Foxes Agency
 * March 11, 1863, at Washington
 * March 11, 1863, Chippewa of the Mississippi and the Pilager and Lake Winnibigoshish Bands,
 * 1863 October 2, at Red Lake and Pembina Bands
 * 1864 April 12, at Washington, Red Lakd and Pembina Bands
 * 1864 May 7, at Washington
 * October 18, 1864, at Isabella Reserve
 * 1864 October 18, Chippewa of Saginaw, Swan Creek and Black River
 * 1866 April 7, at Washington, Bois Forte Band
 * 1867 March 19, at Washington, Chippewa of the Mississippi

Black River Treaty

 * May 9, 1836
 * 1855 August 2,
 * October 18, 1864

Vital Records

 * Consolidated Chippewa Agency, M595, births and deaths, 1924-1932, FHL Film: 574229
 * Lad du Flambeau Agency, M595, births and deaths, 1924-1932 ,FHL Film: 576920
 * Red Lake Agency, M595, births and deaths, 1925-1932, FHL Film: 581416
 * Turtle Mountain Agency, M595, births and deaths, 1924-1932, FHL Film: 583063

Important Web Sites

 * Basic facts about the Chippewa, primarily written for students.
 * More detailed history of the Ojibwa or Chippewa, by Hodge