Illinois History

United States Illinois  Illinois History

Effective family history research requires some understanding of the historical events that affected your family and the records about them. Learning about wars, governments, laws, migrations, and religious trends can help you understand political boundaries, family movements, and settlement patterns.

State, county, and local histories often contain biographical sketches of local citizens, including important genealogical information. This may be one of the best sources of information for some families.

== Brief History ==

The following important events in the history of Illinois affected political jurisdictions, family movements, and record keeping. .


 * 1699: French priests founded a mission at Cahokia, the oldest permanent white settlement in Illinois, in what is now St. Clair County.
 * 1703: Kaskaskia, now in Randolph County, founded by the French as a Native American mission with Indian converts by Jesuit missionaries.
 * 1720: Fort Chartres founded by settlers from France.
 * 1763: France ceded the Illinois country to Great Britain after the French and Indian War.
 * 1778: Illinois became a county of Virginia after Americans captured Kaskaskia, the British seat of government. Virginia relinquished its claim in 1784.
 * 1787: Congress made Illinois part of the Northwest Territory. The Northwest Territory was divided in 1800 when the area that is now Illinois became a part of Indiana Territory.
 * 1791: Special Act of Congress, 400 acres of land were granted to each head of a family who had made improvements in Illinois before 1788. There were 244 entitled to land of who eighty were Americans and the balance French.
 * 1795: Indians land ceded
 * 1803: Part of the Louisiana Purchase
 * 13 August 1803: Indians land ceded (southwest and central part of Illinois)
 * 3 November 1804: Indians land ceded. (northwest part of Illinois)
 * 30 December 1805: Indians land ceded (southeaster)
 * 3 February 1809: The Illinois Territory was formed when the Indiana Territory was divided.
 * 1812: Chicago Massacre (Indians)
 * 1813: Peoria Indian War
 * 24 August 1816: Indian land ceded.
 * 1818 - 1819: Indians land ceded
 * 3 December 1818: Illinois became a state after the Wisconsin region was transferred to the Michigan Territory.
 * 1818: 200 English settlers arrived in Edwards County.
 * 1820: The census listed 917 slaves and 457 free African AMericans
 * 1825: Opeing of Erie Canal
 * 1825: Fifty-three Norwegian families settled in Fox River, by the way of the Erie Canal.
 * Winnebago War
 * 1827: Fever River Indian War
 * 29 July 1829: Indians land ceded
 * 1832: Black Hawk War The last serious Indian threat to white settlement ended when Sauk and Fox warriors were driven from the state during the Black Hawk War. Sacs led by Chief Black Hawk massacred white settlers near Rock River.  The war started because Chief  Black Hawk and some of his people had re-crossed the Mississippi River in order to plant corn in the Sac's old corn field.  Settlers killed an Indian holding a truce flag.
 * 1832: Last land cession Indians removed to Kansas.
 * 1832: Kickapoo Indians removed to Kansas
 * 1833: Chicago became a town.
 * 1836: Second Norwegian settlement established at Mission in LaSalle County.
 * 1838–1856: Improvements in transportation hastened immigration to the northern counties. The National Road reached Vandalia, now in Fayette County, in 1838. The Illinois and Michigan Canal opened in 1848 and ran from Chicago to LaSalle on the Illinois River. The Illinois Central Railroad was completed in 1856, linking southern Illinois to Chicago.
 * 1840: Census listed 331 slaves and 3,598 free African American in Illinois
 * 1839–1846: Latter-day Saints (Mormons) from Missouri and Ohio built the city of Nauvoo before their westward exodus. See Tracing LDS Familiesfor records of Latter-day Saints in Illinois.
 * 1847: Hollanders arrived from Krabbenden and settled what is now Roseland in Cook County.
 * 1861–1865: About 250,000 Illinois men served in the Union armed forces during the Civil War.
 * 1871: Great Chicago Fire Fire destroyed much of Chicago's downtown area and its public records.
 * 1898: Over 300,000 men were involved in the Spanish-American War which was fought mainly in Cuba and the Philippines.
 * 1917–1918: More than 26 million men from the United States ages 18 through 45 registered with the Selective Service. World War I over 4.7 million American men and women served during the war.
 * 1930's: The Great Depression closed many factories and mills. Many small farms were abandoned, and many families moved to cities.
 * 1940–1945: Over 50.6 million men ages 18 to 65 registered with the Selective Service. Over 16.3 million American men and women served in the armed forces during World War II.
 * 1950–1953: Over 5.7 million American men and women served in the Korean War.
 * 1950's–1960's The building of interstate highways made it easier for people to move long distances.
 * 1964–1972: Over 8.7 million American men and women served in the Vietnam War.

Historical Content
County and local histories often contain biographical and historical information about residents and their families. They may provide the occupation, previous residences, birth date, or birthplace (city, county, and state or country).

Information about a family may be found in a history under the married name of a daughter or sister. Relatives or clues are often found by studying the pages that have biographies of residents or that tell the history of the town or township where an ancestor lived.

Histories are great sources of genealogical information. Many contain biographical information about individuals who lived in the area, including:

Local Histories
Some of the most valuable sources for family history research are local histories. Published histories of towns, counties, and states usually contain accounts of families. They describe the settlement of the area and the founding of churches, schools, and businesses. You can also find lists of pioneers, soldiers, and civil officials. Even if your ancestor is not listed, information on other relatives may be included that will provide important clues for locating your ancestor. A local history may also suggest other records to search. Local histories are extensively collected by the Family History Library, public and university libraries, and state and local historical societies.

The Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah has a sizable history collection for the state of Illinois consisting of two main types of records. First there are published histories of the state, its counties, and towns. They often contain maps, information on religious and civic organizations, and biographies of individuals and families who have lived in the area.

Second, there are copies of documents on microfilm and in published form that broaden a genealogist’s understanding of the times and places their ancestors lived in. Many of the documents include names of individuals involved in the event being documented.


 * A Complete History of Illinois from 1673 to 1884: Embracing the Physical Features of the County

A bibliography of older local histories for Illinois is included in:


 * A Reference Guide for Genealogical and Historical Research in Illinois A similar but less complete list is included in:


 * Manual for Illinois Genealogical ResearchGooldy, Pat, and Ray Gooldy. The source gives addresses of county courthouses, genealogical societies, and record repositories and gives Illinois locations of record categories such as census, land, military, and church records.

A few recent titles not in Wolf's list are in the Gooldy list.


 * Illinois History: an Annotated Bibliography is a more recent bibliography of historical sources for Illinois.


 * A Bibliography of American County Histories


 * United States Local Histories in the Library of Congress

State Histories Useful to Genealogists
Good genealogists strive to understand the life and times of their ancestors. In this sense, any history is useful. But certain kinds of state, county, and local histories, especially older histories published between 1845 and 1945, often include biographical sketches of prominent individuals. The sketches usually tend toward the lauditory, but may include some genealogical details. If these histories are indexed or alphabetical, check for an ancestor's name. Some examples for the State of


 * Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois Each volume focuses on a different county and contains historical and biographical information on that county. The Illinois State Archives has a biographical index to most of the Bateman volumes but may not have all volumes. Each volume of the collection is cataloged separately and can be found in the Family History Library Catalog by using a Place Search. Explore how to use the Family History Library Catalog. Listing of available counties and where to access the respective volumes.


 * Illinois: A History of the Prairie State.


 * The Centennial History of Illinois. Each volume has a different author and title representing a period of the state’s history. The Sesquicentennial History is an exact reprint of the original series. Some of the Centennial books are being microfilmed. To find the film numbers in the Family History Library Catalog, use the Author/Title Search under "The Centennial History of Illinois."


 * Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library. Each publication in this series of at least 38 issues is published under a different title. Some issues have been bound together and some have been microfilmed. This collection includes land records and correspondence from the 1700s, court records, census returns, laws that were enacted, records of the Black Hawk War, election returns, and diaries. It includes French and English versions of the early records from the Kaskaskia settlement. The best way to locate the series or any of its parts in the Family History Library Catalog is to search for the series name, Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library, using the Author/Title Search. The Family History Library does not have all the volumes of this series.


 * Blue Book of the State of Illinois The Blue Book includes many items relative to state government and contemporary history, including a roster of state officials and employees. The Family History Library has volumes for 1921–24, 1951–52, 1955–58, 1969–1970, 1985–86.


 * History of Illinois : Hon. Edward F. Dunne; pub. 1933, Chicago
 * Illinois and Her People : George W. Smith; pub. 1927, Chicago
 * Encyclopedia of Biography of Illinois : Century Pub. and Engraving Co.;pub. 1892-1902, Chicago
 * Illinois Guide &amp; Gazeteer pub. 1968, Rand McNally Co.

Federal Papers Regarding Illinois
An important source with historical information about persons involved in the settlement of Illinois from 1800 to 1818 is:


 * The Territorial Papers of the United States Volumes 2 and 3 pertain to The Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, 1787–1803, which included present-day Illinois. Volume 7 contains The Territory of Indiana, 1800–1810, and volumes 16 and 17 contain The Territory of Illinois, 1809–1818. Each volume has an every-name index and contains thousands of names of residents in the area that is now Illinois. The volumes contain lists of residents, taxpayers, and petitioners, and information about persons associated with forts, land offices, Indian interpreters, express riders, and post offices. The original records are in the National Archives.

The Draper Manuscript Collection
The Draper Manuscript Collection is a significant regional source that includes records of Illinois.


 * Draper Manuscript Collection The collection consists of nearly 500 volumes of manuscripts, papers, and books collected by Lyman Copeland Draper about the history of the trans-Allegheny West, a region including the western areas of the Carolinas and Virginia, all the Ohio River Valley, and part of the upper Mississippi Valley from the 1740s to 1830. The collection is divided into 50 series. Some series are titled by geographic area, some by the names of prominent frontier leaders, and some by topic. The bulk of the collection consists of notes from interviews, questionnaires, and letters gathered during Draper’s extensive travels and research to learn about frontier history. Personal papers are much more rare than government or military records.

The collection includes many items of a genealogical or biographical nature. For an inventory and partial indexes, see:


 * Guide to the Draper Manuscripts This guide gives series and volume descriptions for some of the Draper manuscripts. There are several indexes at the end of the book, including a name and subject index, an additional personal data index, and a list of references to Illinois.

Index to Lyman C. Draper Manuscripts. The name index gives the series and volume numbers, but is not complete.

Kaskaskia and Cahokia Records
Kaskaskia and Cahokia were important early Indian and French settlements. Their records include:


 * Kaskaskia Manuscripts, 1714–1816. These records were filmed at the Randolph County Clerk and Recorder’s office in 1975. These manuscripts were created by the early French Kaskaskia settlement in Randolph County. Records include tax lists, debts, wills, adoptions, land records, marriages, and selling of slaves. Most of this collection is in French and is not indexed. Some records have been translated into English and are indexed. A partial index to the historical records in this collection is:


 * Kaskaskia Records, 1778–1790 Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library, Volume 5. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Historical Library, 1909. (Family History Library book 977.3 B4i v.5; film 978493.) The preface states that a number of papers have been omitted from this work because "they are of a private character and add very little to knowledge of the history of the period."

The Raymond H. Hammes Collection maintained at the Illinois State Archives is an excellent collection of early land and other historical records from Kaskaskia in Randolph County and settlements along the Mississippi River, including the Cahokia settlement in St. Clair County, which at the time covered a large portion of present-day Illinois. Most of the Hammes collection has been microfilmed and can be found as 10 entries in the Family History Library Catalog in an Author/Title Search under the title Raymond H. Hammes Collection. It is indexed in Consolidated Index for the Raymond H. Hammes Collection cited in the "Land and Property" section.

United States History
The following are only a few of the many sources that are available:


 * The Almanac of American History, This provides brief historical essays and chronological descriptions of thousands of key events in United States history.


 * Dictionary of American History, Revised ed This includes historical sketches on various topics in U.S. history, such as wars, people, laws, and organizations. A snippet view is available at Google books.


 * Webster's Guide to American History: A Chronological, Geographical, and Biographical Survey and Compendium  This includes a history, some maps, tables, and other historical information.


 * Writings on American History Has the full text available at Google Books

Web Sites

 * Illinois Facts
 * Illinois History
 * Illinois History - Wikipedia
 * The Illinois History Resource Page
 * The Illinois State Museum's "At Home in the Heartland" online exhibit describes the environment and cultural influences that affected people of Illinois during various time periods.