Indigenous Peoples of Montana





Introduction
About four percent of the present population of Montana is indigenous. The major groups include the Assiniboin, Blackfeet, Chippewa-Cree, Crow, Flathead, Grosventres, Kalispel, Kootenai, Little Shell Band of Chippewa, Northern Cheyenne, Piegan, Salish, and Spokane. To learn how to get started with Native Americans research, find research facilities, and American Indian websites click here.

Tribes and Bands of Montana
The following list of American Indians who have lived in Montana has been compiled from Hodge's Handbook of American Indians..., from Swanton's The Indian Tribes of North America , and from other sources.

Major Tribes of Montana
The following tribes either currently have reservations within the borders of Montana or have significant portions of their tribes living within the state.


 * Assiniboin
 * Blackfeet Confederated Salish &amp; Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation
 * Chippewa-Cree
 * Confederated Salish &amp; Kootenai
 * Crow (Mountain and River Crow)
 * Flathead
 * Grosventre
 * Kalispel
 * Kootenai
 * Little Shell Band of Chippewa
 * Northern Cheyenne
 * Piegan
 * Salish (see also Confederated Salish &amp; Kootenai...)

Minor Tribes of Montana
The following tribes have historically had some contact with the area that is now part of Montana or have portions of their tribal membership associated with the larger tribes in Montana.


 * Arapaho
 * Arikara -- Primarily associated with North Dakota
 * Bannock
 * Dakota (see Sioux)
 * Hidatsa -- Primarily associated with North Dakota
 * Kiowa
 * Mandan -- Primarily associated with North Dakota
 * Nez Perce -- Primarily associated with Idaho
 * Sheepeater
 * Shoshoni
 * Sioux
 * Spokane

Montana State Recognized Tribes
Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa

Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
Agencies and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, enforce policies, and assist in maintaining the peace. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Many of the records of genealogical value were created by these offices.

The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Montana has been compiled from Hill's Office of Indian Affairs..., Hill's Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians , and others.


 * Blackfeet Agency, Browning, MT 59417
 * Crow Agency, Crow Agency, MT 59022
 * Eastern District Agency
 * Flathead Agency. Box A, Pablo, MT 59855
 * Fort Belknap Agency, P.O. Box 98, Harlem, MT 59255
 * Fort Peck (Milk River) Agency
 * Northern Cheyenne Agency or Tongue River Agency, Lame Deer, MT
 * Rocky Boy's Agency, Box Elder, MT 59521
 * Tongue River Agency

Records
The majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:


 * Allotment records
 * Annuity rolls
 * Census records
 * Correspondence
 * Health records
 * Reports
 * School census and records
 * Vital records

Allotment Records
Allotted Tribes of Montana

•Blackfeet, Crow (or River Crow), Flathead Reservation (formerly Jacko reservation), Fort Belknap, Fort Peck (Sioux and Assiniboin), Northern Cheyenne (formerly Tongue River) •Northern Cheyenne, Rocky Boy (Chippewa, Cree)

Indian Schools
The Office of Indian Affairs (now the Bureau of Indian Affairs) established a network of schools throughout the United States, beginning with Carlisle Indian School, established in 1879. Some of these schools were day schools, usually focusing on Indian children of a single tribe or reservation. Some were boarding schools which served Indian children from a number of tribes and reservations.

In addition, other groups such as various church denominations established schools specifically focusing on American Indian children. (read more...)

The following list of Indian Schools in Montana has been compiled from Hill's Office of Indian Affairs..., Hill's Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians , and others.


 * Chief Dull Knife College, a tribal community college, is located at Lame Deer on the Northern Cheyenne Reservation
 * Fort Shaw Industrial Indian Boarding School
 * Little Big Horn College
 * St. Labre Indian School
 * Tongue River BIA Boarding School was established in 1904 in Busby, Montana.

Missions
The Catholic Church established several missions among the Indians of Montana. Among them were:


 * Holy Family Mission, a Jesuit mission, 1890-1941, on the Blackfeet Reservation. A guide to the records of this mission, now housed at Gonzaga University in Spokane, Washington.
 * St. Francis Xavier Mission Jesuit mission on the Crow Reservation, 1887-1960
 * St. Ignatius on what is now the Flathead Reservation. A guide to the records of this mission, now housed at Gonzaga University in Spokane, Washington.
 * St. Mary's Mission Jesuit mission, in the Bitter Root Valley, 1841-1908
 * St. Paul's Mission 1887 Catholic on Fort Belknap Reservation, est. 1884
 * St. Peter's Mission Jesuit 1859-1898

Family History Library
The Family History Library has microfilm copies of Indian records at the Rocky Mountain Regional Archives of the National Archives and Records Administration in Denver. These include excellent collections for the Blackfeet, Crow, Flathead, Northern Cheyenne, and several other tribes. The available records include heirship, school, census, annuity and other documents.

Most of these records are listed in the Locality Search of the FamilySearch Catalog under MONTANA - MINORITIES or MONTANA - NATIVE RACES. Records are also listed in the Subject Search of the FamilySearch Catalog under the names of the tribes.

Some other collections in the Family History Library which contain references to the Indians of Montana are:


 * Major James McLaughlin Papers - FS Library film.
 * Jesuits Mission Records - FS Library film.
 * Montana Superintendency, 1867-1873 M833 (3 films), Family History Library(1st film).
 * Central Superintendency of Indian Affairs, 1813-1878 M856 (108 films), Family History Library (1st film).
 * Dakota and Wyoming Superintendency, 1861-1870 1877-1878- M1016 (13 Films),Family History Library (1st film).

Reservations


From the mid-1800s, the official policy of the United States government toward the Native Americans was to confine each tribe to a specific parcel of land called a reservation. Agencies were established on or near each reservation. A government representative, usually called an agent (or superintendent) was assigned to each agency. Their duties included maintaining the peace, making payments to the Native Americans based on the stipulations of the treaties with each tribe, and providing a means of communication between the native population and the federal government.

Sometimes, a single agency had jurisdiction over more than one reservation. And sometimes, if the tribal population and land area required it, an agency may have included sub-agencies.

The boundaries of reservations, over time, have changed. Usually, that means the reservations have been reduced in size. Sometimes, especially during the later policy of "termination," the official status of reservations was ended altogether.

The following list of reservations has been compiled from the National Atlas of the United States of America, the Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America , and other sources. Those reservations named in bold are current federally-recognized reservations, with their associated agency and tribe(s). Others have historically been associated with the state or are not currently recognized by the federal government.

For a map of current Montana reservations, click here...


 * Blackfeet Reservation is in northern Montana just east of Glacier National Park.
 * Crow Reservation is in south-central Montana near Billings.
 * Flathead Reservation is located north of Interstate 90, between Missoula and Kalispell.
 * Fort Belknap Reservation is in north-central Montana, between Havre and Glasgow.
 * Fort Peck Reservation is in northeastern Montana.
 * Jocko Reservation -- an earlier name for the Flathead Reservation, which was located on the Jocko River.
 * Northern Cheyenne Reservation is in southeastern Montana, just east of the Crow Indian Reservation.
 * Rocky Boy's Reservation is in north-central Montana, just south of Havre.

Superintendence
A Superintendent of Indian Affairs was an administrator, communicating and overseeing the agents who worked directly with individual tribes. It was the responsibility of the superintendent to see that the agents were following official government policy. (read more...)

The Central Superintendency of Indian Affairs was created in 1851 and abolished in 1878. It was responsible for many of the tribes of the Upper Missouri River area.

The Montana Superintendency of Indian Affairs was created in 1864 and abolished in 1873. Some correspondence was filed under its name until 1880.

Area Offices
The Area Offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs are administrative in nature and do not contain many records of details about individuals. Hence, they are not the most valuable records for tracing Native American ancestry.

The Area Offices with supervisory responsibility over agencies in Montana are the Billings Area Office and the Portland Area Office.

National Archives
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is responsible for the preservation of the records of historical importance created by federal offices in the United States of America, including those of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and its predecessor, the Office of Indian Affairs. (Read more...)

Regional Archives of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)
Many of the Regional Archives have collected records of the federal offices in their region, including those of the field jurisdictions of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Some of the field jurisdictions are the superintendencies, agencies, schools, factories and area offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

The Pacific Alaska Regional Archives (NARA) in Seattle had jurisdiction for the preservation of federal records of offices in Montana for several years. The records for some of those offices remain in this Archives.

The National Archives Rocky Mountain Region (Denver) has current jurisdiction for the preservation of the records of federal offices in Montana, including those of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

(Read more...)

Archives, Libraries and Museums
Glenbow Archive, Library, and Museum

The Glenbow Archives and Library, has an excellent collection of resources for the study of Métis genealogy. Their sources cover predominantly Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and some parts of the Northwest Territories, Ontario, and British Columbia.

Most of our sources pertain to people who were living in the Prairie Provinces in 1900 or earlier.

One unique collection is the Gail Morin who donated her 40,000 name database to the archive in 2011. The database is ancestral quest format and all in families with sources.

Contact: Glenbow Archives 130 - 9 Avenue SE Calgary, Alberta T2G 0P3 Reference Desk telephone: 403-268-4204 Email: archives@glenbow.org

Online Resources
http://www.native-languages.org/montana.htm

http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/montana/index.htm

http://www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/mt/montmap.html Native American Online Genealogy Records

For Further Reading
See also American Indian For Further Reading.

Montana State University, WPA Records, 1935-1942 Series 6 Indian

Montana-Church for a list of missions.

Montana-History for a calendar of historical events.

Montana-Military for a list of forts.