Sac and Fox Nation



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Ancestral Homeland: Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri

Leaders: Black Hawk, Keokuk
The Sauk (Sac) and Mesquakie joined together to form an alliance for mutual protection against other tribes became known as the Sac and Fox.

Members of the Sac and Fox Tribe presently reside primarily in Iowa, Missouri, and Oklahoma.

Tribal Headquarters

 * Official Tribal Web Site

History

 * A brief history of the Sac and Fox tribe
 * Allie B. Busby. Two Summers Among the Musquakies Relating to the Early History of the Sac and Fox Tribe FHL Film 989445 item 7

Brief Timeline

 * 1665–1712: Three relatively small tribes (including the Sauk and the Fox) failed to overcome the French and allied Native Americans; they then fled to central Wisconsin.
 * 1728: A series of attacks nearly destroyed the remaining Fox tribe.
 * 1734: Sac and Fox tribes, became one tribe
 * 1804: Treaty signed at St. Louis
 * 1824-1841:Half-Breed Tract (of land) set aside for the orphans and widows of trappers. Tribes: Sac and Fox, Oto, Loway, Omaha, and Santee Sioux.This land later became Lee County, Iowa.
 * 1830: Land Ceded
 * 1832: Fox survivors moved southward into Iowa and aligned with the Sauk in the Black Hawk War.
 * 1842: Treaty the Sauk and Fox of Mississippi ceded all their land west to the Mississippi River.
 * 1842: The Sauk and Fox tribes merged and were forced to move into Kansas, (Nemaha Reservation) by a U.S. government proclamation.
 * 1843: The combined Sauk and Fox tribes were located on the Des Moines River near the mouth of the Raccoon River.
 * 1846: Sold their land in Iowas and were given a reservation in Kansas. In late 1850s some moved back to Iowa.
 * January 1856: The General Assembly of Iowas passed a law allowing the tribe to stay in the state of Iowa. Petitions were circulated among the Iowa settlers, asking that they be permitted to remain.
 * 1857 A band of Mesquakies bought 80 acres of land near Tama, Iowa, with the money paid to them as annuities and money obtained from the sale of furs and some ponies. This land was bought with individual Indian money and not with tribal funds. The Governor of Iowa at the time was James W. Grimes.
 * 1867 Treaty, Sauk and Fox remove from Kansas to Indian Territory.
 * 1891 Sac and Fox-Shawnee Land in Oklahoma opened for settlement.
 * 1937: The Tribe adopted a Constitution.

Additional References to the History of the Tribe
Green, Charles Ransley. Early Days in Kansas. FamilySearch Catalog FHL book 970.1 G82e WorldCat

Green, Charles Ransley. Sac and Fox Indians in Kansas. FHL book 970.1 G82s WorldCat

Reservation
Reservation a tract of land set aside for occupation and use by Native Americans.

From the mid-1800s, the official policy of the United States government toward the Native Americans was to confine each tribe to a specific parcel of land called a reservation. Agencies were established on or near each reservation. A government representative, usually called an agent (or superintendent) was assigned to each agency. Their duties included maintaining the peace, making payments to the Native Americans based on the stipulations of the treaties with each tribe, and providing a means of communication between the native population and the federal government.

Sometimes, a single agency had jurisdiction over more than one reservation. And sometimes, if the tribal population and land area required it, an agency may have included sub-agencies.

The boundaries of reservations, over time, have changed. Usually, that means the reservations have been reduced in size. Sometimes, especially during the later policy of "termination," the official status of reservations was ended altogether.

The following list of reservations has been compiled from the National Atlas of the United States of America, the Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America , and other sources. There are no current federally-recognized reservations in Illinois.

Agency
Sac and Fox Agency  Iowa

Sac and Fox Agency  Oklahoma

Raccoon River Agency

Prairie Du Chien Agency

Ioway Subagency

Upper Missouri Agency

Great Nemaha Agency

Nebraska Agency

Agents

Thomas Forsyth

Records
The majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:


 * Allotment records
 * Annuity rolls
 * Census records
 * Correspondence
 * Health records
 * Reports
 * School census and records
 * Vital records

Records Available through the Family History Library

 * Indian (Sac and Fox) Census of Iowa, ca. 1836–1840. Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of Utah, 1978. FHL Film 1022202 item 4


 * United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Indian Census Rolls, 1885–1940. Washington, DC, 1965. FHL Films 581444–445 These rolls include the Sauk and Fox census rolls from 1888 to 1939. FHL Film 581446 includes births and deaths from 1924 to 1932.


 * Annuity Payroll of the Sac and Fox of the Mississippi in Iowa, Sept. 15, 1910. Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of Utah, 1975. FHL Film 0989445 item 12 This record serves as a partial census for this tribe.


 * Annuity Pay Roll 1910 of the Sac and Fox of the Mississippi in Iowa FHL film 989445 item 12

Superintedencies
Records for Superintendencies exist in the National Archives and copies of many of them are also available in other research facilities.

St. Louis Superintendency

Wisconsin Superintendency

Iowa Superintendency

Central Superintendency

Northern Superintendency

Treaties

 * 1789 January 9, at Fort Harmer
 * 1804 November 3, at St. Louis
 * 1815September 14, at Portage des Sioux
 * 1815September 13,
 * 1816 May 13, at St. Louis
 * 1822 September 3, at Fort Armstrong
 * 1825 August 19, at Prairie des Chiens
 * 1830 July 15, at Prairie des Chiens
 * 1832 September 12, at Fort Armstrong
 * 1836 September 17, at Fort Leavenworth
 * 1836 September 27,
 * 1836 September 28, on right bank of Mississippi River, county of Debuque, Territory of Wisconsin
 * 1836 September 28,
 * 1837 October 21, at Washington
 * 1837 October 21, at Washington
 * 1842 October 11, Territory of Iowa
 * 1854 May 18, at Washington
 * 1859 October 1, at Sax and Fox Agency, Territory of Kansas
 * 1861 March 6, at Great Nemaba Agency, Nebraska Territory
 * 1867 February 18

Important Websites

 * Official Tribal Web Site
 * Constitution and By-Laws of the Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa 1938
 * Constitution and By-Laws of the Sac and Fox Reservation in Kansas and Nebraska 1937
 * Constitution of the Sac and Fox Nation
 * Sac and Fox Nation article from Wikipedia
 * A brief history of the Sac and Fox tribe