User:Lionelfullwood/Sandbox5

England Oxford (city)

Guide to OXFORD (city) history, family history, and genealogy: parish registers, census records, birth records, marriage records, and death records.



HISTORY
Oxford was first settled in Saxon times and was initially known as "Oxenaforda", meaning "Ford of the Oxen"; fords were more common than bridges at that time. Therefore we can be assured that Oxford as a city is older than Cambridge (Bridge over the river Cam).

It began with the establishment of a river crossing for oxen around AD 900. In the 10th century, Oxford became an important military frontier town between the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex and was on several occasions raided by Danes.

Oxford was heavily damaged during the Norman Invasion of 1066.

The community never grew large but it earned its place in history as one of Britain's oldest places of formal education.

Oxford's prestige was enhanced by its charter granted by King Henry II, granting its citizens the same privileges and exemptions as those enjoyed by the capital of the kingdom; and various important religious houses were founded in or near the city. A grandson of King John established Rewley Abbey for the Cistercian Order; and friars of various orders (Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, Augustinians and Trinitarians) all had houses of varying importance at Oxford.

The University of Oxford is first mentioned in 12th century records. As the university took shape, tension between the hundreds of students living where and how they pleased led to a decree that all undergraduates would have to reside in approved halls. This led to a huge increase in building, resulting in the present organization of Colleges, each with its own dormitories.

During the English Civil War, Oxford housed the court of Charles I in 1642, after the king was expelled from London.

By the early 20th century, Oxford was experiencing rapid industrial and population growth, with the printing and publishing industries becoming well established by the 1920s.

Today, Oxford is one of the most diverse small cities in Britain: the most recent population estimates for 2005 showed that 27% of the population were from ethnic minority groups, including 16.2% from non-white ethnic minority ethnic groups

LOCATION
Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbor of Plymouth Sound. The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard.

The city is about 35 miles from Exeter, and 190 miles from London.

Geologically, Plymouth has a mixture of limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian limestone. Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of its geology.

To the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth. Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin, copper, tungsten, lead and other minerals.

RELIGION
Plymouth, from the middle of the second millennium has been a city that valued religious freedom. One of the primary reasons for the founding of the Plymouth Colony in the New World was to allow freedom of religion and freedom of conscience to grow unfettered, unlike the conditions back in the old world.

The Plymouth Separatists, a group seeking religious freedom and purity, cooperated with the Puritans on organizing the Mayflower sailing in 1620. A large proportion of those pilgrims were members of the radical English Separatist Church, who traveled to America to escape the jurisdiction of the Church of England, which they found corrupt. The Separatists won financial backing from a group of investors called the London Adventurers, who were promised a sizable share of the colony’s profits.

Later in Plymouth's history, a group called the Plymouth Brethren were organized. The Plymouth Brethren are a conservative, low church, nonconformist, Evangelical Christian movement, whose history can be traced to Dublin, Ireland, in the late 1820s, originating from Anglicanism. They were formally organized in the middle 1830's in Plymouth itself.

Today, the city has more than 150 churches, including the roman Catholic Cathedral.

INDUSTRY
Plymouth has one of the best natural harbors in the British Isles. Because of this coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been maritime,[93] in particular the defense sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces.

A tradition of the British Navy since time immemorial was to provide a toddy of gin daily to its sailors. This had 2 effects; to keep the sailors happy, and also to increase their belligerence during battles. Because of this, the Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which was exported around the world by the Royal Navy.

Since the 1980s, employment in the defense sector has decreased substantially and today Devonport Dockyard is the UK's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10% of Plymouth's income.

However Plymouth still has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector.

Other substantial employers include the university with 30,000 students and almost 3,000 staff, as well as the Tamar Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies.

CIVIL REGISTRATION
Birth, marriages and deaths records have been kept by government since July 1837 to the present day. Prior to that, local parishes of the Church of England, and local branches of other faiths were the only repositories of this information. The following link provides access for Canterbury records:


 * Free BMD UK


 * UK BMD


 * Devon Gov records

CENSUS RECORDS
Census records for Canterbury can be found using the following links:


 * UK Gov census records


 * GENUKI Plymouth census records

PROBATE RECORDS
Records of wills, administrations, inventories, indexes, etc. were filed by several locations for Plymouth. Please follow the links below:


 * UK Gov probate records


 * Plymouth probate office

CEMETERIES AND GRAVES
There are presently four cemeteries, and several outlying cemeteries within the Plymouth city district. The link follows:


 * Plymouth city cemeteries

Other useful sites follow:


 * Findagrave, Plymouth


 * Billion graves, Plymouth

GENEALOGY SOCIETIES AND GENEALOGY

 * Devon Genealogy


 * Devon Family History Society


 * Roots web Devon


 * GENUKI org Devon FHS