African American Resources for Oklahoma

Introduction
A list of resources to research African American ancestors who lived in Oklahoma.

Online Resources

 * The African-Native American Genealogy Blog
 * Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History
 * Chronicles of Oklahoma
 * Black Archives of Mid-America
 * Oklahoma Historical Society: African Americans

History
Slavery

A few hundred black slaves had run away from their white masters and sought refuge in Creek, Seminole, and Cherokee settlements, where they were received as free people. While some Indian communities incorporated blacks as free people, American Indians in each of the nations, except the Seminole, began to purchase African Americans as slaves.

A number of Indian farmers had large tracts of land under cultivation and used enslaved laborers to produce cotton and surplus crops for sale and profit. Most Indian slave owners, however, practiced subsistence agriculture, and both slaves and masters labored side by side in the fields. By the 1830s well over three thousand African Americans, mostly slaves, lived among the tribes.

American Indians brought their slaves to the west in the 1830s and 1840s when the federal government removed the nations from the southern states. The Cherokee, with more than fifteen hundred, had the largest number. Slave populations removed with the other nations ranged from approximately three hundred in the Creek Nation to more than twelve hundred in the Chickasaw Nation. By the time the Civil War broke out more than eight thousand blacks were enslaved in Indian Territory, where they comprised 14 percent of the population. Slavery continued in the territory through the Civil War.

All Black Towns of Oklahoma More than 50 African-American towns were established between the 1865 and 1920. Many of the towns were formerly held by one of the Five Civilized Tribes.
 * Towns: Boley, Clearview, Grayson, Langston, Lincoln, Redbird, Rentiesville, Taft, Tatums, Tullahassee, Vernon and Wewoka.
 * Extinct Towns: Bailey, Bookertee, Canadian Colored, Chase, Ferguson, Gibson Station, Liberty, Marshall Town, North Fork, Wellston Colony and Wybark.

Online Resources
 * Oklahoma Historical Society: African Americans
 * Freedmen
 * Freedmen Towns
 * Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture: African Americans
 * Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture: Tenant Farming and Sharecropping
 * The Homestead Act
 * Oklahoma Homesteader Records
 * Oklahoma's All-Black Towns
 * Langston City Herald - promoted African American homesteading in the Oklahoma Territory

Books to read
 * McPherson, James M. The atlas of the Civil War. New York: Macmillan, 1994.
 * Blattner, Teresa, People of Color: Black Genealogical Records and Abstracts from Missouri Sources" (Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, c1993,c 1998) ;
 * Brown, William Wells, Narrative of William W. Brown, a Fugitive Slave (NY, NY: Johnson Reprint, 1970) ;
 * Mallory, Rudena Kramer, Claims by Missourians for compensation of enlisted slaves: records of the U.S. District Court of Kansas, Slave Compensation Records, November 3, 1866 to February 21, 1867, Record Group 21, National Archives-Central Plains Region, Kansas City, Missouri (SLC, Utah:Genealogical Society of Utah, 1992)
 * Lee, George R., Slavery North of St. Louis (Canton, Missouri: Lewis County Historical Society, Missouri, [200?]) ;
 * State Slavery Statues (Bethesda, Maryland: University Publications of America, c1989)
 * United States Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands and Washington Reginald, Records of the field offices for the state of Missouri, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865-1972: NARA, RG 105, M1908 (College Park, MD: NARA, 2004)

Oral Histories

 * Oklahoma Slave Narratives

Other Records
City Directories
 * Muskogee Oklahoma Negro Directory: includes the town of Taft (FamilySearch Catalog Film Number:1994331 Item 6)

Migration
 * African American Exodus to Canada
 * Blacks: Early Settlements (African-Canadians)

Prison Records
 * Aylesworth State Prison Farm, 1916-1925, Marshall County, Oklahoma Schools "The Aylesworth State Prison Farm was an all black prison located in Marshall County and was in existence between 1916 and 1925." -- P. 1. (FamilySearch Catalog Film Number: 1838318 Item 14)

Military Records

 * Buffalo Soldiers

Newspapers

 * Newspapers, African American
 * Langston City Herald
 * Pioneer newspaper, c[a. 1898-1905]The Pioneer was an African-American newspaper published in Muskogee County.

School Records

 * Langston University
 * Freedman Schools

Slavery Records

 * In the 1830s African American slavery was established in the Indian Territory, the region that would become Oklahoma. By the late eighteenth century, when over half a million Africans were enslaved in the South, the five southern Indian societies of that region Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole had come to include both enslaved blacks and small numbers of free African Americans

Archives and Libraries
The Black Archives of Mid-America, located in Kansas City, Missouri, is a center for learning and research into the African American experience in Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Oklahoma and the Midwest at large.