World War I United States Military Records, 1917 to 1918

United States U.S. Military  World War I The United States entered World War I in April 1917. Over 4.7 million men and women served in the regular U.S. forces, national guard units, and draft units. There were 53,402 killed in action, 63,114 deaths from disease and other causes, and about 205,000 wounded. New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Ohio furnished the most soldiers.
 * Leonard Ayres. The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary. Washington,D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1919
 * U. S. official pictures of the world war showing America's participation : selected from the official files of the War department with unofficial introductory photographs
 * National Archives American Unofficial Collection of World War I Photographs, 1917-1918 NAID 533461
 * Catalogue of Official A.E.F. Photographs
 * Official U.S. Bulletin, vol. 2, Jan. June, 1918
 * Official U.S. Bulletin, vol. 2, July-Sept. 1918
 * Official U.S. Bulletin, vol. 3,Jan.-Mar., 1919
 * Military Resources: World War I National Archives
 * Stations and Post Office Address of Organizations of the Army

American Expeditionary Forces. May 26,1917-August 31,1920

 * American Expeditionary Forces
 * American Expeditionary Forces Order of Battle
 * Order of Battle U.S. Land Forces in the World War Divisions
 * United States Army in the World War, 1917-1919 3 volumes
 * Records of the American Expeditionary Forces (World War I) Record Group 120)
 * Records of the American Expeditionary Forces (World War I) NAID 449
 * Summary of Casualties American Expeditionary Forces
 * Battle Participation of Organizations
 * The A.E.F. Who They Were, What They Did, How They Did It
 * The American Army in the World War A Divisional Record of the A.E.F. in Europe
 * Final Report of Gen. John J. Pershing, Commander-in-Chief American Expeditionary Forces.
 * Portraits and Sketches of the Men of the A.E.F.
 * British Military Records Relating to World War I, 1918-1924 includes AEF units serving alongside British units in northern France.
 * General Orders, Bulletins, Circulars General Recruiting Service, 1918-1919
 * Organization of Services of Supply
 * Tables of Organization U.S. Army 1917

Training Camps

 * Medical Department, Vol. IV, Activities Concerning Mobilization Camps and Ports of Embarkation
 * Lt. Col. W. G. Kilner and Capt. A. J. McElroy. The Cantonment Manuel: or Facts for Every Soldier. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1917
 * Roster of Federal Military Training Camps, 1913-1916
 * Roster of the Fortieth Division Camp Kearny California November 15, 1917. Camp Kerany, Calif: John Milledge and William B. Tyler,1917
 * Camp Devens, Massachusetts
 * The Story of Camp Devens, Massachusetts
 * Camp Jackson, Columbia, South Carolina, National Army Cantonment
 * Memorandum Showing Action that would be Required by Company, ,Troops, or Battery Commanders...
 * Preliminary Inventory United States Army Continental Commands Record Group 393

Embarkation Service

 * Embarkation Service Administrative History Note
 * U.S. Army Transport Service Regulations 1914
 * U.S.S. Great Northern WW I Troop Transport Ship
 * U.S.S. Harrisburg WW I Troop Transport Ship
 * U.S.S. Mount Vernon WW I Troop Transport Ship


 * Embarkation Service:Selected list of National Archives Collections
 * Lists of Incoming Passengers, 1917-1938, RG 92, NAID 6234465
 * Lists of Outgoing Passengers,1917-1938, RG 92, NAID 6234477
 * Card Registers of vessels Requisitioned or Belonging to the War Department,1918-1920, RG 92, NAID 7192903
 * Card Register of Chartered Vessels, 1917-1918, RG 92, NAID 7130549
 * Reports of Debarkations by Ports in Baltimore and Philadelphia, 1917-1921, RG 92, NAID 7284911
 * Reports of Embarkations from the United States, 1917-1919, RG 92, NAID 7284794
 * Lists of Vessels Leaving the United States to Transport Troops to Europe, 1917-1918, RG 92, NAID 7267965
 * Card Registers of Vessels Leaving the United States to Transport Troops Overseas, 1917-1919, RG 92, NAID 7268077

Army Air Service

 * Army World War I Flight Training
 * The U.S. Air Service in World War I
 * Air University. Aerospace Studies Institute. Historical Research Division. U.S. Air Service Victory Credits, World War I. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University, 1969. FHL Digital Book
 * Norman L. R. Franks and Frank W. Bailey. Over the Front: a complete record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914-1918. London, England: Grub Street, 1992. FHL 973 M2frw
 * James J. Hudson. In Clouds of Glory: American Airmen who flew with the British during the Great War. Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press, 1990. FHL 973 M2hj
 * Lowell A. Lawrence. New England Aviators, 1914-1918: their portraits and their records. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Pub., 1997. FHL 974 M2n v.1 and v. 2
 * James J. Sloan. Wings of Honor: American Airmen in World War I: a compilation of all United States, pilots, observers, gunners, and mechanics who flew against the enemy in the War of 1914-1918. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Pub., 1994. FHL 973 M2swh
 * Lucien H. Thayer, Donald Joseph McGee and Robert James Bender, ed. America’s First Eagles: the Official History of the U.S. Air Force, A.E. F., 1917-1918. San Jose, California: R. James Bender, Pub. Champlin Fighter Museum Press, 1983. FHL 973 M2taf
 * NARA Records of the Army Air Force Record Group 18
 * Records of the Army Air Force National Archives Fort Worth
 * Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917-1919, NARA publication M990, 58 rolls

 Unit Histories
 * History of the 17th Aero Squadron
 * 90th Aero Squadron
 * History of the 91st Aero Squadron Air Service
 * 106th Aero Squadron
 * 135th Aero Squadron

 Lafayette Escadrille - American Pilots in the French Air Service
 * The Lafayette Flying Corps v.1
 * The Lafayette Flying Corps v.2
 * Bert Hall and John J. Niles. One Man's War: the Story of the Lafayette Escadrille. New York: H. Holt, 1929
 * Georges Thenault. The Story of the LaFayette Escadrille. Boston: Small,Maynard & Company,1921

Tank Corps

 * Tank Corps American Expeditionary Force
 * "Tank Corps Activities" A.E.F.
 * Personnel Specifications Tank Corps
 * A Co. Tank, "treated'em rough," 301 Bn Tank Corps. Philadelphia: E. A. Wright [1919?]
 * Tanks in the Great War, 1914-1918

Naval

 * Officers and enlisted men of the United States Navy who lost their lives during the World War from April 6, 1917 to November 11, 1918
 * Deaths in the united States Navy from April 6, 1917 to November 11, 1918. Washington,D.C.: U.S. Gov't Printing Office, 1920
 * Medical Department of the U.S. Navy with the Army and Marine Corps in France in WW I
 * United States Navy in the World War Official Pictures
 * Navy Uniforms in WWI

Marine Corps

 * United States Marine Corps in the World War
 * Officers and Enlisted Men who Lost their Lives
 * Officers and Enlisted Men who Lost their Lives Serving in the US and Possessions
 * A List of Officers of the Marine Corps comp. 13 March 1919
 * Women Marines in World War I

Officers

 * Army Directory 1918

American Field Service

 * The American Field Service Archives of World War I,1914-1917
 * History of the American field service in France, Friends of France, 1914-1917 : told by its members, 3 volumes
 * Friends of France : the Field Service of the American Ambulance described by its members.Digital Book
 * James William Davenport Seymour. History of the American Field Service in France, “Friends of France,” 1914-1917. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1920
 * L.D. Geller. The American Field Service Archives of World War I, 1914-1917. New York: Greenwood Press, 1989 [Location East 43ed Street NYC]
 * Arlen J Hansen. Gentlemen Volunteers: the Story of the American Ambulance Drivers in the Great War, August 1914-September 1918. New York: Arcade Pub., 1996
 * Vanguard of American Volunteers

Medical Department

 * Medical Department, vol. II, Administration American Expeditionary Force
 * Medical Department, vol. III,Field Operations
 * Medical Department vol. IV, Activities Mobilization camps Ports of Embarkation
 * In Memoriam The Medical Department
 * Massachusetts Surgeons

 Base Hospitals and Ambulances 
 * Base Hospital No. 5
 * Base Hospital No. 9
 * Base Hospital No. 10
 * Base Hospital No. 18
 * Base Hospital No. 19
 * Base Hospital No. 20
 * Base Hospital No. 31
 * Base Hospital No. 32
 * Base Hospital No. 36
 * Base Hospital No. 43
 * Base Hospital No. 46
 * Base Hospital No. 50
 * Base Hospital No, 68
 * Base Hospital No. 85
 * Base Hospital No. 136
 * Story of a Hospital Unit on the Western Front
 * Ambulance Company No. 105\102nd Sanitary Train
 * Ambulance No. 10 Personal Letters from the Front
 * Ambulance Company No. 105\102nd Sanitary Train

Related Medical 
 * Catholic Chaplains in the World War
 * Medical Department U.S. Navy with the Army and Marine Corps
 * American Red Cross New Orleans Chapter June 30, 1919

American Red Cross
 American Rec Cross War Council Administrative History Note

National Archives
 * Historical Nurse Files, ca. 1916-ca. 1959, NAID 649203
 * Personnel Files, 1921-983, NAID 5730905

Hoover Institute Archives Stanford University
 * Inventory of the American National Cross Records

Overseas Service  State and Local Sources
 * American Red Cross in the Great War
 * The Passing Legions
 * With the Doughboy in France
 * American Red Cross Work Among the French People
 * Department of Civilian Relief, Washington, D.C. American Red Cross.
 * When You Go Home American Red Cross Home Service
 * Department of Civilian Relief American Red Cross Manuel of Home Service
 * Department of Civilian Relief American Red Cross Home Service & the Disabled Soldier or Sailor
 * American Red Cross Base Hospital No. 38
 * Red Cross Chapter (Indianapolis) at Work
 * Red Cross in Iowa, v.1
 * Red Cross in Iowa, v.2
 * War Activities Southeastern Pennsylvania Chapter
 * In Memoriam Mahanoy City (Pennsylvania) Red Cross Chapter
 * WWI: Red Cross Nurses Rhode Island State Archives

Timeline American Expeditionary Forces

 * A Guide to the American Battle Fields in Europe
 * American Armies and Battlefields in Europe. A history Guide and Reference Book
 * U.S. Army Center of Military History Timeline
 * U.S. Army Center of Military History Campaigns: World War I
 * U.S. Campaigns in World War I

FamilySearch World War I Collections

 * United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918
 * United States, YMCA World War I Service Cards, 1917-1919
 * United States, Index to Naturalizations of World War I Soldiers, 1918
 * California, San Francisco, World War I Enemy Alien Registration Affidavits, 1918
 * Florida, World War I Service Cards, 1917-1919
 * Louisiana, World War I Service Records, 1917-1920
 * Maine, World War I Draft Registration Index, 1917-1919
 * North Carolina, World War I Service Cards, 1917-1919
 * Texas World War I Records,1917-1920

Archives and Libraries
National WW I Museum and Memorial U.S. Army Heritage and Education center National Archives at St. Louis Library of Congress National Archives  National Park Service
 * The National WWI Museum and Memorial Kansas City, MO.
 * U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center
 * Veterans Survey Collections Inventories
 * World War I Manuscripts: The World War I Survey FamilySearch catalog
 * National Personnel Records Center (NPRC)
 * July 1973 Fire
 * Burnt in Memory 1973 Fire
 * Finding Your World War I Veteran at The National Archives at St. Louis
 * World War I Records at the National Archives at St. Louis
 * Veterans Administration Claim Files and World War I Burial Files
 * National Archives at St. Louis Card Series
 * Library of Congress Guide to World War I Materials
 * Researching Individuals in WW I Records
 * National Archives Military Resources World War I
 * World War I Articles in Prologue Magazine
 * NARA Military Service in the United States Army During World War I
 * NARA WWI Gold Star Mothers Pilgrimages Pt 1
 * NARA WWI Gold Star Mothers Pilgrimages Pt 2
 * World War I

Societies

 * Order of the First World War
 * World War One Historical Association
 * Western Front Association

American Legion

 * History of the American Legion

Cemeteries

 * Nationwide Gravesite Locator National Cemetery Administration
 * Location of Graves and Disposition of Bodies of American Soldiers Who Died Overseas
 * The Silent Cities: an illustrated guide to the war cemeteries and memorials to the 'missing' in France and Flanders; 1914-1918. FamilySearch Catalog

 American Casualties 
 * Soldiers of the Great War 3 volumes

 American Battle Monuments Commission 
 * American Battle Monuments Commission

 World War I Cemeteries
 * Aisne-Marine American Cemetery
 * Brookwood American Cemetery
 * Flanders Field American Cemetery
 * Lafayette Escadrille Memorial Cemetery
 * Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery
 * Oise-Aisne American Cemetery
 * Somme American Cemetery
 * St. Mihiel American Cemetery
 * Suresnes American Cemetery

World War I Monuments
 * Audenarde American Monument
 * Belleau Wood
 * Bellicourt American Monument
 * Cantigny American Monument
 * Chateau-Thierry Monument
 * Chaumont Marker-AEF Headquarters
 * Kemmel American Monument
 * Montfaucon American Monument
 * Montsec American Monument
 * Naval Monument at Brest
 * Naval Monument at Gibralter
 * Sommepy American Monument
 * Souilly Marker-1st Army Headquarters
 * Tours American Monument

Related Websites and Resources

 * HistoryGuide.org. Contains photographs, cemeteries & obituaries, land records, wills, and newspapers; along with a Soldier's Memorial searchable database.
 * Online World War One Indexes and Records
 * Alvin York,"Sergeant York"
 * " Sergeant York" Draft Registration
 * Eddie Rickenbacker
 * Inter-Allied Games, Paris, June 22-July 6, 1919
 * BYU WWI Document Archive. This archive is international in focus
 * The Lusitania Resource

National Archives World War I Dead, American Expeditionary Forces. 1917-1919
'''Compiled Data on Casualties of the American Expeditionary Forces by State of United States Possession, 1917-1919 NAID 1726747


 * Alabama
 * Arizona
 * Arkansas
 * California
 * Colorado
 * Connecticut
 * Delaware
 * District of Columbia
 * Florida
 * Georgia
 * Idaho
 * Illinois
 * Indiana
 * Iowa
 * Kansas
 * Kentucky
 * Louisiana Casualties
 * Maine
 * Maryland
 * Massachusetts
 * Michigan
 * Minnesota
 * Mississippi
 * Missouri
 * Montana
 * Nebraska
 * Nevada
 * New Hampshire
 * New Jersey
 * New Mexico
 * New York
 * North Carolina
 * North Dakota
 * Ohio
 * Oklahoma
 * Oregon
 * Pennsylvania
 * Rhode Island
 * South Carolina
 * South Dakota
 * Tennessee
 * Texas
 * Utah
 * Vermont
 * Virginia
 * Washington
 * Wisconsin
 * Wyoming
 * US Possessions

 Additional Sources 
 * Soldiers of the Great War 3 volumes
 * Members of American Expeditionary Forces from Connecticut Who Lost Their Lives in the World War
 * Ohio and California
 * Rhode Island

United States World War One Centennial

 * United States World War One Centennial Commission
 * Family Ties Documenting stories of service and family relationships of those who served in World War
 * Stories of Service
 * Documenting the Doughboys
 * Doughboy MIA Database 1917-1920
 * National Archives World War I Centennial
 * Library of Congress Echoes of the Great War American Experiences of World War I
 * Library of Congress Guide to World War I Materials
 * Smithsonian World War I Centennial
 * Smithsonian My Fellow Soldiers: Letters From World War I: National Postal Museum
 * U.S. Army Center of Military History

 State Committees or Commissions
 * State Centennial Websites Map
 * Pennsylvania
 * Indiana
 * New York
 * Utah

Unit Histories

 * List of Formations of the States Army during World War I
 * Controvich, James T. United States Army Unit Histories:  A Reference and Bibliography. Manhattan,  Kansas: Kansas State University, n.d.


 * Below are selected divisional and regimental histories from the FamilySearch catalog.

Army Corps

 * I Army Corps. 1.15.1918-3.25.1919

Division Unit Histories

 * United States World War I Infantry Divisions
 * American Expeditionary Forces Distinctive Cloth Insignia Chart
 * U.S. Army Center of Military History World War I Divisions: Then and Now


 * Society of the First Division. History of the First Division During the World War, 1917-1919. Philadelphia, Pa.: John C. Winston Co., 1922
 * Oliver L. Spaulding and John W. Wright. The Second Division,American Expeditionary Force in France,1917-1919. New York, Hillman, 1937
 * Frederick v. Hemenway. History of the Third Division, United States Army in the World War for the Period December 1, 1917 to January 1, 1919.
 * 3rd Division Summary of Operations
 * Christian A. Bach and Henry Noble Hall. The Fourth Division: Its Services and achievements in the World War,... (1920)
 * Kenyon Stevenson. The Official History of the Fifth Division U.S.A. Washington,D.C.: Society of the Fifth Division, 1919
 * Emerson G. Taylor. New England in France, 1917-1919: A History of the Twenty-Sixth Division U.S.A. Boston and New York: Houghton and Mifflin Co., 1920
 * 28th Division
 * 29th Division
 * 32nd Division
 * 35th Division
 * 37th Division
 * 77th Division
 * 77th Division in the Argonne Fight
 * 78th Division
 * 82nd Division
 * The 88th division in the World War of 1914-1918. New York, New York: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, 1919.
 * George H English History of the 89th Division, U.S.A.: from its organization in 1917, through its operations in the World War, the occupation of Germany and unit demobilization in 1919. Kansas City, Missouri:The War Society of teh89th Division, 1920.
 * George Wythe. A History of the 90th Division. The 90th Division Association, 1920
 * Lonnie J. White. The 90th Division in World War I: the Texas-Oklahoma draft division in the great war. Manhattan,Kansas.Sunflower University Press, 1996
 * The Story of the 91st Division.San Mateo, Calif.:91st Division Publication Committee, 1919

Military Unit Histories
Infantry Engineers Field Artillery Machine Gun Battalions
 * 12th Infantry
 * 16th Infantry 1st Division
 * 71st Infantry
 * 110th Infantry 28th Division
 * 112th Infantry 28th Division
 * 115th Infantry 29th Division
 * 126th Infantry 32nd Division
 * 137th Infantry 35th Division
 * 139th Infantry 35th Division
 * 140th Infantry 35th Division
 * 166th Infantry 42nd Division
 * 168th Infantry 42nd Division
 * 305th Infantry 77th Division
 * 313th Infantry 79th Division
 * 315th Infantry 79th Division
 * 325th Infantry 82nd Division
 * 328th Infantry 82nd Division
 * 346th Infantry 87th Division
 * 350th Infantry 88th Division
 * 353rd Infantry 89th Division
 * 355th Infantry 89th Division
 * 361st Infantry 91st Division
 * 364th Infantry 91st Division
 * 7th Engineers5th Division
 * 26th Engineers
 * 61st Field Artillery Brigade 36th Division
 * 114th Field Artillery 30th Division
 * 304th Field Artillery 77th Division
 * 307th Field Artillery 78th Division
 * 313th Field Artillery 80th Division
 * 324th Field Artillery83rd Division
 * 346th Field Artillery 91st Division
 * 347th Machine Gun Battalion 92nd Division

World War I State Online Collections and Descriptions

 * Alabama service Cards
 * Alabama Gold Star Database
 * Connecticut Veterans Questionnaires,1917-1922
 * Connecticut Nurses Census, 1917
 * Delaware Service and Pension Records
 * Delaware Public Archives Guide to WWI Records
 * Florida Service Cards
 * Minnesota Service Questionnaires
 * Mississippi World War I Collections
 * New York Abstracts of National Guard Service
 * Rhode Island Statement of Military Service
 * Rhode Island Service Cards
 * Rhode Island Casualties
 * Tennessee Veterans' Questionnaires
 * Utah Service Questionnaires
 * Utah Service Cards, 1898-1975
 * Virginia History Commission Questionnaires Collection
 * Washington Service Statement Cards

Gold Star Mothers

 * Minnesota HIstorical Society
 * Tennessee State Library Online Index
 * NARA Article WW I Gold Star Mothers Pilgrimages Pt 1
 * NARA Article WW I Gold Star Mothers Pilgrimages Pt II

Armistice Day

 * Armistice Day

State World War I Records
The Family History Library has some indexes and records from county courthouses, state archives, and state offices of the adjutant general. For example, the library has the following:


 * Missouri State Archives and FamilySearch. Pre-WWII Adjutant General Enlistment Contracts, 1900-1941. Digital images of general enlistment contracts from counties in Missouri.

Similar collections are described in the military sections for the various states under STATE NAME - MILITARY RECORDS.

Awards

 * Medal of Honor, Distinguished Service Cross and Medal
 * Heroes All ...soldiers and citizens decorated the by U.S. Government
 * Navy WWI Victory Medal
 * Information on the issuance or replacement of military service medals, decorations and awards.
 * Medal of Honor Recipients, 1863-1973 FamilySearch Digital Book
 * Medal of Honor, 1861-1949: the Navy, 1861-1949 FamilySearch Digital Book

Women

 * Women and War
 * Women in World War One
 * Women and the US Navy, WWI Era
 * Female Yeoman
 * Samantha Phil-Gill. The Women's Army Auxiliary Corps in France, 1917-1921.(2017)
 * Carrie Brown. Rosie's Mon: Forgotten Workers of the First World World War. Northeastern University Press, 2013.
 * Lettie Gavin. American Women in World War I: They Also Served. University of Colorado Press, 2006
 * Gilbert Stone. ed. Women Workers of World War I. (2007)
 * Susan Zeiger.In Uncle Sam's Service. Women Workers with the American Expeditionary Forces, 1917-1919. University of Pennsylvania, Press, 2004

Sources for Further Reading

 * Schaefer, Christina K. The Great War. A Guide to The Service Records of All The World’s Fighting Men and Volunteers. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1998. (Family History Library 940.41 Sch13g.) The United States is covered on pages 123 to 156.
 * Neagles, James C. U.S. Military Records: A Guide to Federal and State Sources.
 * McMahon, M. M. Researching Your U.S. WWI Army Ancestors. Crownsville: CreateSpace, 2017.
 * Gutierrez, Edward A. Doughboys on the Great War. How American Soldiers Viewed Their Military Experiences. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2014.
 * Venzon, Anne C. The United States in the First World World War:An Encyclopedia.Garland Publishing Co., 1996
 * Coffman,Edward. The War to End All Wars. The American Experience in World War I. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998
 * Freidel, Frank. Over There. The Story of American’s First Great Overseas Crusade. rev. ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Cp., 1990
 * Carroll, Andrew My Fellow Soldiers. General John Pershing and the Americans Who Helped Win the Great War. New York: Penguin Press, 2017.
 * Haythornthwaite, Philip J. The World War One Source Book. London, England: Arms and Armour, 1992. FHL 973 M2hay
 * Woodward, David R. American and World War I: a selected annotated bibliography of English language sources. New York: Garland Pub Co., 1985. FHL 973 M23b v. 6
 * Randle,Gray with Christopher Argle. Chronicle of the First World War. 2 vols. New York, New York: Facts on File, 1990. FHL 973 M2gra

=== Prologue Quarterly Publication of the National Archives ===
 * Knapp, Michael G. “World War I Service Records.” Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives 22. (Fall 1990): 300–2. (Family History Library book 973 B2p.)
 * Knapp, Michael G., and Constance Potter. “Here Rests in Honored Glory: World War I Graves Registration.” Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives 23. (Summer 1991): 190–4. (Family History Library book 973 B2p.)
 * Potter, Constance. "World War I Gold Star Mothers Pilgrimages, Part I" Prologue 31(Summer,1999)
 * Potter, Constance. "World War I Gold Star Mothers Pilgrimages, Part II" Prologue 31 ( Fall, 1999)
 * Manning, Mary J. "Being German, Being American" Prologue (Summer, 2014):15-55
 * Yockelson, Mitchell.“They Answered the Call: Military Service in the United States Army during World War I, 1917–1919.”
 * Yockelson, Mitchell. "Wilson Struggles as he Prepares the Nation for World War I" Prologue 49 ( Spring, 2017)