United States Indian Wars, 1780s-1890s

The following are the wars that involved American Indians occurring between 1783 and the 1890's. The list does not include the War of 1812, the Mexican War, or the Civil War in which American Indians also fought. (List may not be complete)

History
The United States military protected the expanding western frontier from the 1780s to the 1890s. Military personnel surveyed land; enforced government policy; protected settlers; and guarded stage, mail, and telegraph routes. Expanding settlement led to conflicts with the many Indian nations. Military conflicts with Indians are listed in the following:

 Reference 
 * Jerry Keenan. Encyclopedia of American Indian wars, 1492-1890.New York, New York : W.W. Norton, 1999,1997. FHL 970.1 K25a
 * Gregory F. Michno. Encyclopedia of Indian wars : western battles and skirmishes, 1850-1890.Missoula, Montana : Mountain Press, 2003. FHL 970.1 M583e

 Battles, Skirmishes and Engagements 
 * Peters, Joseph P., compiler. Indian Battles and Skirmishes on the American Frontier, 1790–1898 Comprising Record of Engagements with Hostile Indians within the Military Division of the Missouri from 1868 to 1882; Chronological List of Actions, etc. with Indians from January 1, 1866 to January 1891; and a Compilation of Indian Engagements from January 1837 to January 1866. New York, New York: Argonaut Press, 1966. (Worldcat) A chronological list which includes dates, places, and units involved; number of killed and wounded; and remarks that may include names of officers.


 * Chronological List of Engagements between the Regular Army of the United States and Various Tribes of Hostiles Which Occurred during the Years 1790 to 1898, Inclusive. 1939. Reprint, New York, New York: AMS Press, 1976. (Worldcat) Identifies place; military unit involved; and number of soldiers and American Indians killed, wounded, and captured.

History
 * Robert M. Utley. Frontiersmen in blue : the United States Army and the Indian, 1848-1865.Lincoln, Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press, 1981, 1967. FHL 973 M2urL
 * Robert M. Utley. Frontier regulars : the United States Army and the Indian, 1866-1891. Lincoln, Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press, 1984, 1973. FHL 973 M2urm
 * Don Rickey. Forty miles a day on beans and hay : the enlisted soldier fighting the Indian Wars.Norman, Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press, 1963. FHL 973 M2ri
 * Thomas W. Dunlay. Wolves for the blue soldiers : Indian scouts and auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860-90.Lincoln, Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press, 1982. FHL 978 M2du
 * Patricia Y. Stallard. Glittering Misery:dependents of the Indian Fighting Army. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992. FHL 973 M2spy
 * John M. Carroll. The Indian Wars Campaign Medal: Its History and its Recipients. Bryan,Texas: J.M. caarroll, 1979? FHL 970.1 C236i

Forts
For information about forts where soldiers were garrisoned, see the following:  National Archives
 * Historical Information Relating to Military Posts and Other Installations, ca. 1700–1900. National Archives Microfilm Publication M661. (Worldcat)


 * Returns from U.S. Military Posts, 1800–1916. National Archives Microfilm Publication M617. (Worldcat) This source contains extensive rolls and reports listing soldiers stationed at forts and posts.

Printed Sources 
 * Jeff Barnes. Forts of the Northern Plains : guide to historic military posts of the Plains Indian wars.Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books, 2008. FHL 973 M2bjf
 * Douglas C. McChristian.''Fort Laramie : military bastion of the high plains. Norman, Oklahoma : Arthur H. Clark, 2009. FHL 978.718 H2m
 * Thomas R. Buecker. Fort Robinson and the American West : 1874-1899.Norman, Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press, 1999. FHL978.293/F1 H2b

Service Records
Service records for the Indian conflicts are available at the National Archives. They consist of abstracts from original muster rolls, pay rolls, and medical records.

Volunteers
Service Records after 1784-1811


 * Compiled Service Records of Volunteer Soldiers who Served from 1784 to 1811 (NARA M905).


 * Online


 * U.S. Compiled Service Records, Post-Revolutionary War Volunteer Soldiers, 1784-1811 (Ancestry) ($)


 * Libraries


 * Locate these records at a library using Worldcat
 * Family History Library

Indexes


 * Index to Compiled Service Records 1784-1811 National Archives Microfilm Publication M694 (Worldcat)


 * This microfilm index has been transcribed and the information partially abstracted in the following two books:


 * White, Virgil D. Index to Volunteer Soldiers 1784–1811 Waynesboro, Tennessee: National Historical Publishing, 1987. (Worldcat)


 * Clark, Murtie June. American Militia in the Frontier Wars, 1790–1796 Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1990. (Worldcat)

Service Records after 1811

Listed below are the only service records for Indian wars after 1811 that have been filmed:


 * Compiled Service Records of Volunteer Soldiers Who Served in Organizations from the State of Florida during the Florida Indian Wars, 1835–1858 National Archives Microfilm Publication M1086. (FHL 63 films) (Worldcat)

Indexes

The Indian Wars Compiled Service Records Index, 1815-1858 (NARA M629) contains index cards to compiled service records of volunteer soldiers who served in various Indian wars and disturbances from 1815 to 1858.

Regular Army Soldiers
In addition to volunteer soldiers, many soldiers involved in the Indian wars enlisted in the regular Army. For information on regular Army enlistments, see US Army Enlistments, 1798-1914.

Officers
The "Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army..." by Francis B. Heitman lists Regular Army and volunteer officers from 1789 to 1903 in two volumes giving a brief history of the officers service and awards received. Casualties (including prisoners of war) from 1789 to 1902 are also listed as well as a chronological list of battles, actions, etc., in which troops of the Regular Army have participated.

Pension Records
The pension files in the National Archives relate to service performed between 1817 and 1898. Soldiers killed or disabled during the Indian wars were initially covered by existing pension laws. The first pensions based on Indian war service were granted in 1892, but they were limited to specifically named wars. By 1902 pensions were extended to cover all service between 1817 and 1858. Later acts continued extending coverage for service to 1898. The files are alphabetically arranged by the veteran’s name.

Index to Indian Wars Pension Files, 1892–1926

The index to these records is the following:


 * Index to Indian Wars Pension Files, 1892–1926. National Archives Microfilm Publication T318.  (Worldcat) The index gives name, names of dependents, rank, dates of enlistment and discharge, military unit, application and certificate numbers, date and state of filing, and the pension act it was filed under.


 * Wiki articles describing online collections are found at:


 * United States, Index to Indian Wars Pension Files, 1892-1926 (FamilySearch Historical Records)

A published version of this same index is listed below:


 * White, Virgil D. Index to Pension Applications for Indian Wars Service between 1817 and 1898 Waynesboro, Tennessee: National Historical Publishing, 1997. (Worldcat) Includes name of veteran or widow or both, applicant pension number, date of filing, name of conflict, date of service, and military unit. Some entries have death date and place. This is a revision of the 1987 edition.

Old War Index to Pension Files, 1815-1926


 * The "Old War Index to Pension Files, 1815-1926" (NARA T316) also includes pensioners of the Indian Wars. They relate mainly to pensions based on death or disability incurred in service between the years of 1816-1861.

Old War Index to Pension Files, 1815-1898

Prior to 1892 pension benefits were avilable to soldiers in the regular Army who were disabled or the widows of soldiers killed in service. The benefits were based on service between 1783 and 1861. Many of the claimants were never directly involved in a particular war, but served for a number of years at forts or military establishments. These pensions are referred to as the Old War Series. The Old War pension index has been microfilmed (N.A. film group T316). The index usually contains:


 * Name of soldier
 * Branch of service (i.e. Army, Navy)
 * Name and class of dependents
 * Date of enlistment and discharge
 * Rank and unit
 * Date application was filed
 * Type or class of application (i.e., service, invalid, widow, etc.)
 * Pension application number
 * Pension certificate number
 * Pension file number
 * Account number
 * Date of death
 * State from where filed

These records are available in the FamilySearch Catalog under

Additional Resources
 * Military Records: Pre-WWI Pension Applications (16 minute online video) FamilySearch Research Classes Online, 2010.


 * Boyd, Mark F. "Seminole War: Background and Onset." (Florida Historical Quarterly, 1951, vol.30, p. 3)..


 * Dennis, Henry C., comp. The American Indian 1492-1970: A Chronology and Fact Book. (Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1971)..


 * Downey, Fairfax D. Indian Wars of the Army, 1776-1865. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1963).


 * Foreman, Grant. Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1953)..


 * Halbert, Henry S. and Ball, T. H. The Creek War of 1813 and 1814. (University: University of Alabama Press, 1969).


 * Laumer, Frank. Massacre. (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1968)..


 * Mahon, John K. History of the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842. (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1967)..


 * Nichols, Roger L. "The Black Hawk War: Another View." (Annals of Iowa, 1963,vol. 36, p. 525-533)..


 * Pruchas, Francis P. The Sword of the Republic: the United States Army on the Frontier, 1783-1846. (New York: Macmillan, 1969).


 * Sprague, John T. Origin, Progress and Conclusions of the Florida War. (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1848).


 * Stevens, Frank E. Black Hawk War, Including a Review of Black Hawks' Life. (Chicago: Frank E. Stevens, 1903)..


 * Thwaites, Reuben G. "Story of Black Hawk War." (Wisconsin Historical Collection,1892, vol. 12, p. 217)..


 * Wakefield, John A. History of War between United States and Sac and Fox Nations of Indians, and Parts of Other Disaffected Tribes of Indians in the Year Eighteen Hundred and Twenty-Seven. (New York: Garland Publishers, 1975)..


 * Whitney, Ellen M., ed. The Black Hawk War, 1831-32. (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Society, 1970)..

Websites

 * U-S-History.com - Indian Wars Timetable, (1622-1890)