Step-by-Step Ontario, Canada Research

A suggested approach to genealogy research in Ontario, Canada family history records.

Step 1. Find out everything you can from living relatives and their family records.
Every good genealogy project starts with finding all the clues you can gather from living relatives — both from their memories and from documents or memorabilia in their homes.

What should you ask?
In order to extend your research on your ancestors, you are looking for names, dates, and places. Everything you learn that tells you about when and where a relative lived is a clue to a new record search. Be sure to ask questions that lead to that information, including about their occupations, military service, or associations with others, such as fraternal organizations. See also:


 * 50 Questions to Ask Relatives About Family History


 * Creating Oral Histories

Case Study:
1881 census of Townsend, Norfolk County, Ontario 1871 census of Townsend, Norfolk County, Ontario
 * In 1921, the only Caroline Layman-like entry is for a "Carrie Layman", living in Essex County, Ontario, with two daughters, Della and Florence. It would have been helpful to find "Oliva" living with her, but she may be married an living elsewhere with a husband.  We will need to look at earlier census records, so we go to the 1911 census.
 * In the 1911 census, we find the same Carrie Layman, with daughters Della and Florence, in Essex County.  This time they are living in the home of David and Olivia Boughner.  Carrie is listed as the mother-in-law of David Boughner, and Della and Florence are listed as his sister-in-laws.  Now we have enough different facts to believe this could be our family.  We might suspect that Olivia first married David Boughner but has a second marriage to John B. Dykhuizen.
 * We keep looking at the earlier census, every ten years back in time. In 1901, we find Carry Layman in Kingsville, Essex County, Ontario, Canada, a widow with her three daughters.  Notice that all three of the census records give the month and year of birth for each member of the family.
 * In 1891, we have another lucky find. Carrie Layman now has her parents, Lewis T. and Lidya Austin, living in her home.
 * As we work back every ten years, 1881, 1871, 1861, and 1851, we see that the family lives in Townsend, Norfolk County, Ontario. We are able to identify the children of Lewis T. and Lydia Austin:
 * Calista, born about 1845
 * Matilda,born about 1847
 * Moses, born about 1849
 * Mary, born about 1851
 * Robert, born about 1853
 * William, born about 1855
 * Twins, Angeline and Caroline, born about 1858
 * Peter, born about 1860
 * Lizann, born about 1863
 * Nathaniel, born about 1865

Now Use These Links to Find Your Own Ancestors in Census Records

 * , index/images. Also at MyHeritage, ($), index
 * , index. Also at Ancestry.com, ($), index/images
 * 1861 Census of Canada, ($), index/images
 * , index . Also at Ancestry.com, ($), index/images.
 * Index and Images.
 * 1881 Census of Canada from Library and Archives Canada Index and images.
 * 1881 Census of Canada ($) Index and Images.
 * Index only.
 * 1891 Census of Canada ($) Index and Images.
 * Index only.
 * 1901 Census of Canada from Library and Archives Canada Index and images.
 * 1901 Census of Canada ($) Index and Images.
 * Index only.
 * 1911 Census of Canada from Library and Archives Canada Index and images.
 * 1911 Census of Canada ($) Index and Images.
 * 1921 Census of Canada ($) Index and Images.

Step 3: Find birth, marriage, and death certificates for ancestors and their children.
Birth, marriage, and death records from 1869 to the early 1900s are available online through Ancestry.com. If you don't have a membership, you can search these records without cast at a FamilySearch Center near you. More recent birth, marriage, and death records can be requested through the mail. The address and instructions are found below. Here are the records we were able to find online for the family members of LewisT. and Lydia Austin.

Case Study:
Death records found: '''The death records of Caroline Austin and her husband, George Henry Layman. Notice that Caroline's parents are listed as Lewis Austin and Lydia Shaw, which is stronger proof than the census of her parentage. We also now know that Lydia's maiden name was Shaw.''' Marriage records found: Birth records found:

Use These Links to Help Find Birth (1869-1910), Marriage (1800-1928), and Death Records for Your Ancestors (1869-1947)
Births Marriages Deaths Vital Records
 * , ($), index and images. Also available at MyHeritage, ($), index. Also available at Ancestry.com, ($), index and images.
 * Index only.
 * Ontario, Canada, Marriages, 1801-1928 ($)
 * Marriage Notices of Ontario 1813-1854 ($)
 * Ontario, Canada, Roman Catholic Marriages, 1827-1870, ($) index
 * Ontario Marriage Notices 1830-1856 ($)
 * Ontario, Canada, County Marriage Registers, 1858-1869 ($)
 * Ontario, Canada, Civil Marriage Registrations, 1869-73, index ($)
 * Index only.
 * Ontario, Canada Marriage Registers by Clergy, 1896-1948 ($)
 * Index only.
 * Ontario, Canada, Deaths, 1869-1938 and Deaths Overseas, 1939-1947 ($), index and images.
 * index and images, incomplete.

Send for Birth (1911-present), Marriage (1929-present), and Death (1948-present) Records
Because of privacy restrictions, cut-off dates for online records make it necessary to order more recent records by mail: These records are located at: Office of the Registrar General 189 Red River Road P.O. Box 4600 Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 6L8 Canada Phone: 416-325-8305 Toll-free in Ontario: 1-800-461-2156
 * Order birth certificates online: Get or replace an Ontario birth certificate
 * Order marriage certificates online: How to get a copy of an Ontario marriage certificate online
 * Order death certificates online: How to get a copy of an Ontario death certificate online

Step 4: Search available church records for baptisms, marriages, and burials.
Since civil registration of births, marriages, and deaths began in 1869, we look to church records as our next hopeful source of vital events. Religions who baptized infants and recorded the date provide substitute birth information for children. Most marriages were performed by ministers and recorded in church records. Ministers presiding over funerals provide burial records, which affirm death dates. Any such records may, in addition to the event recorded, mention other details such as parents' names, birthplace or residence, etc.

Case Study:
In the church record, Wesleyan Methodist Baptismal Register, we find these baptism records. Although these were adult baptisms, they list birth dates and parents' names.'''We now learn that Lewis T, Austin's full name was Lewis Thomas Austin, and that his parents were Moses and Mary Austin. We are now able to begin searching the next generation back.'''

Online Church Records

 * collection includes indexed Ontario church records.
 * , images only.
 * Ontario, Canada, Roman Catholic Baptisms, Marriages, and Burials, 1760-1923, index and images ($).
 * Ontario, Canada, Catholic Church Records (Drouin Collection), 1802-1967, ($).
 * Ontario, Canada, Roman Catholic Marriages, 1827-1870, ($).
 * Various individual church records at Findmypast, ($).
 * Wesleyan Methodist Baptismal Register
 * index and images, incomplete.
 * index and images, incomplete.

Writing for Church Records
Most church records are not yet online.
 * Archives of Ontario, Sources Of Religious Records In Ontario gives details on locating records for each denomination.
 * The article, Ontario Church Records, will describe where to find records for a variety of churches in Ontario. There are archives that can be consulted for the location and existence of records, or information on their location in local churches.
 * For help writing letters to these churches, see Letter Writing Guide for Genealogy. This guide will help you phrase requests, organize payment arrangements, and ask how to locate help to search the archives.

Step 5: Search for a printed local history or biography online.
It is popular for local histories to give biographical information about early pioneers, and brief genealogical details of their descendants living at the time the history was published.

Case Study:
In Pioneer sketches of Long Point settlement; or, Norfolk's foundation builders and their family genealogies, by E.A. Owen., a biography of Solomon Austin gives a list of his children, including Moses Austin, and the children on Moses, including Lewis Austin. (The actual account is much longer, only excerpts are here.) These histories often have colorful details about the families and "flesh out" the simple details of names and dates.

Locating Local Histories
Histories are most frequently found on the county level, but occasionally on the town level. Really prominent ancestors may appear in state histories, so search all three levels.
 * The following article will help locate online county histories with a variety of search engines.
 * Collecting Previous Research by Others Part Three: Digitized Books
 * Also, search the FamilySearch Library collection for histories that may not be online yet.

Step 6: Try to find additional details about your ancestors in obituaries and cemetery records online.
Cemetery and obituaries are an important source because deaths took place usually when records were more detailed than at the time of the person's birth 60-80 years earlier.

Case Study:
'''Here are examples of FindAGrave records for Moses Austin, son of Lewis Thomas Austin, and his sister Anne, who married Alanson Lemon. Notice that Anne's record gives the full name of her mother, Mary Catherine Misener.''' It is important to look for records of siblings, because they may be more detailed that records for your direct ancestor.

Ontario Cemetery Links
Now, search these collections for records of your Ontario ancestors:
 * Canada, Find A Grave Index, 1600s-Current
 * Ontario Cemetery Finding Aid, index
 * Ontario Canada Headstones
 * Canada GenWeb, Ontario Index
 * Ontario Cemetery Ancestory Index
 * The Ontario section of Canada GenWeb Cemetery Project
 * Canada, War Graves Registers (Circumstances of Casualty), 1914-1948 Index ($)
 * Canada Billion Graves Cemetery Index Index
 * I Dream of Genealogy Canada Index
 * Commomwealth War Graves Commission, index
 * Commomwealth War Graves Commission, index

Ontario Obituary Links

 * Canada Obituary Collection for Ontario ($)
 * Canadian Obituary Links
 * Genealogy Buff canadian Obituaries Forum
 * Canada Obituary Collection, ($), index
 * , images only, no index

Step 7: Study each new record for other possible searches.
As you gather clues about new generations of your family, realize that they would also have been listed in the census records, birth marriage, and death records, church records, and cemetery and obituary records you have already searched. You will need to go back to the earlier steps in this article, applying them to the new names you have discovered.

Case Study:
Now that we know the father of Lewis Thomas Austin, Moses Austin, we need to go back to the census records of 1851, 1861, and possibly earlier to find records for Moses and Mary Austin and all their children. Other families to look for in those censuses would be the Austin brothers and married sisters of Moses, the other children of Solomon Austin who may have survived until then. Here are just a few of the records you would discover:
 * The 1851 census of Moses and Mary Austin:
 * The 1861 census of Mary Austin, widow of Moses:
 * Here is the FindAGrave record for Moses Austin, father of Lewis Thomas Austin. (Only his children buried in the same cemetery are listed, so Lewis does not appear here.)



Step 8: If your ancestors were Loyalists, search Loyalist collections online.
Many of the early pioneers of Canada were United Empire Loyalists. During the American Revolution, they took the side of the British. They suffered atrocities and lost property, most of their lands being seized through official confiscation laws after the war. As compensation, they were offered free land in Canada and left the new United States to start a new life. You can frequently find stories of their involvement in the war. Their children were given land also, and this source can be helpful in identifying all their family members.

Case Study:
Source: The united empire loyalist settlement at Long Point, Lake Erie [electronic resource] / by L.H. Tasker. Published 1900

Locating U.E. Loyalist Records

 * United Empire Loyalists Association of Canada Directory, index
 * The Old United Empire Loyalists List, index & images ($)
 * '''A collection of online books about U.E.L. Loyalists

Step 9: Find land records.
Land records can mention relatives, former residence before moving to Ontario, new residence when leaving Ontario, and other helpful clues. Loyalists and their children were granted land in compensation for their losses in the Revolution.

Case Study:
These entries in the index all lead to land grants that state that these are the children of Solomon Austin, plus the names of his daughters' husbands. This is just an index. The entry below shows an example of the full detail received from the archives after writing requesting more information, based on the index.

Online Land Indexes

 * Upper Canada (Ontario) Land Petition Records
 * Land Petitions of Upper Canada, 1763-1865
 * Land Boards of Upper Canada, 1765-1804, index. Also at Collections Canada
 * Ontario Land Gazetteer, 1875-81 ($)
 * Ontario, Canada- Land Settlement In Upper Canada 1783-1840, index ($)
 * Crown land records, index and images

Step 10: Write to a county for wills and probate packets.
Wills are useful, if they exist, for proving the relationships of heirs, usually a wife and children. Married daughters might show up, providing their husbands' last names and sometimes full name. While online records might show the will only, there are a variety of other documents preserved in a "probate packet", which can be worth writing for. This '''[Letter Writing Guide for Genealogy will help you write a letter requesting one of these probate packets.

Case Study:
This index entry for Moses Austin can lead to finding a probate packet with many more details.



Archives of Ontario

 * Ontario Court of Probate and Surrogate Court Records: Wills and Estate Files - A Pathfinder will lead you through the steps of finding probate records in different time periods and collections.


 * Ontario Surrogate Court Index 1793-1858

Writing to County Offices
Not all wills are listed in these online indexes. Individual courthouses will have wills from more recent times.
 * Superior Court of Justice: Courthouse Addresses and Telephone Numbers

Step 11: Contact a local historical or genealogical society.
Local societies can have additional helpful records found nowhere else. They may have records submitted by family members, printed family histories, files of historical tidbits by surname, and connections to other genealogists studying the same family.

Case Study:
For example, this *Norfolk Genealogy historical society has a collection of gleanings from newspapers and other publications. The clip below shows just a few of the Austin entries.

Case Study:
The card index of people crossing from Canada to the U.S. has an entry created when Carrie Layman went to Detroit to visit a friend, Useful information found here includes her birthplace and residence.

Online Emigration and Immigration Indexes

 * Toronto Emigrant Office Assisted Immigration Registers, 1865 and 1883, index
 * Canada, Seafarers of the Atlantic Provinces, 1789-1935, ($), index
 * Canada, Immigration and Settlement Correspondence and Lists, 1817-1896, ($), index/images
 * Canada, St. Lawrence Steamboat Company Passenger Lists, 1819-1838, ($), index/images
 * Irish Canadian Emigration Records, 1823-1849, ($), index/images
 * Canadian Passenger Lists, 1865-1935 ($)
 * Home Children, 1869-1930, index
 * British Home Children Registry, index
 * Index and images.
 * Canada, British Vessel Crew Lists, 1881, ($), index
 * U.S., Border Crossings from Canada to U.S., 1895-1960, ($), index/images
 * Immigrants from the Russian Empire, 1898-1922, index
 * Ukrainian Immigrants, 1891-1930, index.
 * U.S., Records of Aliens Pre-Examined in Canada, 1904-1954, ($), index/images
 * Border Crossings: From U.S. to Canada, 1908-1935, ($), index/images
 * Canada, Ocean Arrivals (Form 30A), 1919-1924 ($)
 * Ship Passengers Arriving in Canada (Letter A): 1919-1924, ($), index/images
 * Immigrants to Canada 1930-1965, index
 * Canada, Canadian National Railway Immigrant Records, 1937-1961, ($), index/images
 * Canada and U.S., Dutch Emigrants, 1946-1963, ($), index/images
 * U.S., Passenger and Crew Lists for U.S.-Bound Vessels Arriving in Canada, 1912-1939 and 1953-1962, ($), index/images
 * War Brides passenger Lists
 * Canadian Genealogy Records Online provides links to online record collections by province