Russia Historical Geography

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The Russian Federation stretches across much of the north of the supercontinent of Eurasia. Although it contains a large share of the world's Arctic and sub-Arctic areas, and therefore has less population, economic activity, and physical variety per unit area than most countries, the great area south of these still accommodates a great variety of landscapes and climates. The mid-annual temperature is +5.5°C (42°F).

Most of the land consists of vast plains, both in the European part and the part of Asian territory that is largely known as Siberia. These plains are predominantly steppe (vast grasslands) to the south and heavily forested to the north, with tundra along the northern coast. The permafrost (areas of Siberia and the Far East) occupies more than half of the territory of Russia. Mountain ranges are found along the southern borders, such as the Caucasus (containing Mount Elbrus, Russia's and Europe's highest point at 5,642 m / 18,511 ft) and the Altai, and in the eastern parts, such as the Verkhoyansk Range or the volcanoes on Kamchatka. The more central Ural Mountains, a north-south range that form the primary divide between Europe and Asia, are also notable.

Russia has an extensive coastline of over 37,000 kilometers (23,000 mi) along the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, as well as more or less inland seas such as the Baltic, Black and Caspian seas. Some smaller bodies of water are part of the open oceans; the Barents Sea, White Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea are part of the Arctic, whereas the Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan belong to the Pacific Ocean.

Localities
Imperial Russia was divided into states - gubernii. In 1708 Peter divided Russia into eight large gubernii. A county - uyezd was the subdivision of a guberniya. The statute of 1775 divided Russia into 40 gubernii (divided into an average of 10 districts). At the beginning of the 20th century there were 50 gubernii in European Russia; not including Finland, Poland, and the Caucasus. Most of the provinces in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Far East corresponding to gubernii were called oblasti. In 1914, there were 78 gubernii and 20 oblasti.

An uyezd was divided by district - volost and village - derevnya or selo. A selo usually had a church. In Russia today, an oblast is equivalent to a guberniya. There are more oblasti in modern Russia than there were gubernii in imperial Russia. Often, the records of several modern oblasti are found in the archive of a single oblast whose capital happened to be the capital of an imperial guberniya. A raion is the intermediate jurisdiction in modern Russia, taking the place of the uyezd and volost.

Geographic Terminology
Imperial terms State of Province ― Губерния (Guberniya) County ―Уездь (Uyezd) District ―Волост (Volost) City ―Город (Gorod) Village with church ―Село (Selo) Village without church ― Деревне (Derevne) Place ―Место (Mesto)

Russian Federation terms State ― Област (Oblast) Regions ― Район (Raion) City ―Город (Gorod) Village ― Деревне (Derevne) Place ― Место (Mesto)

Border Changes
Bessarabia/Ottoman Empire --1812--&gt; Russia --1918--&gt;Romania --1945--&gt;W--Moldova, E--Ukraine

Bucovina/Ottoman Empire --1774--&gt; Austria --1918--&gt; Romania --1945--&gt; N--Ukraine, S--Romania Courland (Kurland)/Russia --1918-- &gt; Latvia East Prussia/Germany --1945--&gt; N--Kaliningrad (Russia), S--Poland Estland/Russia --1918--&gt; Estonia Galicia/Poland --1772--&gt; Austria --1918--&gt; Poland --1945--&gt; E--Ukraine, W--Poland Grodno/Russia --1921--&gt; Poland --1945--&gt; E--Belarus, W--Poland Kovno/Russia --1918--&gt; Lithuania Livland (Livonia)/Russia --1918-- &gt; N --Estonia, S--Latvia Memel/East Prussia --1918--&gt; Lithuania Poland --1772,1793,1795--&gt;E--Russia, N--Prussia, S--Austria -- 1918--&gt;Poland --1939--&gt;NE--Belarus; SE--Ukraine SuwalkilPoland --1918--&gt; N--Lithuania, S--Poland Ruthenia/Hungary --1918--&gt; Czechoslovakia --1945--&gt;Ukraine Transcarpathia/Hungary --1945 --&gt;Ukraine Vilna/Russia --1921--&gt;Poland --1945--&gt;N--Lithuania, S--Belarus Vitebsk/Russia --1918--&gt;N--Latvia, S--Belarus, E--Russia Volhynia/Poland --1795--&gt; Russia --1919--&gt;Poland --1945-- &gt;Ukraine Vyborg/Finland--1939--&gt;Russia