Indigenous Peoples of Indiana

United States Indiana  American Indian Research  Indians_of_Indiana

Learn about the Indians of Indiana, the tribes and bands, agencies, reservation, and records.

To learn how to get started with American Indian research, find research facilities, and American Indian websites click here.

Start your search for records of an American Indian ancestor in other records since Indians are often found in the same records as all other Americans. After you finish those records, turn to records specifically about Indians. Opportunities for genealogical research for American Indians are good because more government records have been created for Indians than for any other ethnic group. Many Indian records must still be obtained from their original archive or library.

It is important to study the history of the tribe, such as migration patterns, marriage and naming customs, and affiliations with government agencies or churches. Because some tribes moved several times, records about them may be in many locations. If you have evidence of Indian ancestry, there are some unique records you can use. Note, however, that many traditions of Indian ancestry are unfounded. Before you can effectively search American Indian records, you should:


 * Identify a specific ancestor who was Indian and learn where the ancestor lived.
 * Identify his or her tribe.
 * Study the history of the tribe.

Among the major tribes that lived in what is now Indiana were the Delaware, Kickapoo, Miami, Mound Builders, Piankashaw, Potawatomi, Shawnee, and Wea. After 1794, treaties were made that opened up large areas of land for settlement. At the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, the Indians were defeated, and white settlements then proceeded at an increased rate. By the 1840s, most of the Indians had moved westward to other lands, either voluntarily or by force.

American Indian Sources
Census indexes are available that list the American Indians in the 1900 and 1910 censuses. See the "Minorities" section above for these sources.

Other sources are:


 * Beckwith, Hiram Williams. The Illinois and Indiana Indians. New York, New York: Arno Press, 1975. (Family History Library book ; fiche .) This book gives histories of the various tribes in Indiana.
 * Rafert, Stewart. American-Indian Genealogical Research in the Midwest: Resources and Perspectives. National Genealogical Society Quarterly 76 (September 1988): 212-24. (Family History Library book .) This article mentions useful local, county, and federal records to search for information on Americans Indians.

Online Resources
Indian Language and Culture as it relates to Indiana

Records related to Indiana Indians at Access Genealogy

Indian-related information at the Indiana Government website

Tribes and Bands of Indiana
The following list of American Indians who have lived in Indiana has been compiled from Hodge's Handbook of American Indians... and from Swanton's The Indian Tribes of North America. Some may simply be variant spellings for the same tribe.


 * Chippewa
 * Delaware
 * Erie
 * Illinois
 * Iroquois
 * Kaskaskia
 * Kickapoo
 * Mesopelea
 * Miami
 * Neutrals
 * Piankashaw
 * Potawatomi
 * Seneca
 * Shawnee
 * Wea
 * Wyandot

Bands
Wee-sau, Ash-Kum, Mau-ke-Kose, Wee-si-o-nas, Com-o-za of Patiwatan, Motas, Mes-Quaw-uck, Che-case, Aub-ba-mau-bee, Upper Kispoko Band of Shawnee

Potawatomie Bands:
Okaw-mause, Kee-waw-nee, Nee-Boast, Ma Che Saw (Mat chis jaw), Naswaw kee (Nees wawgh gee), Quash-quaw, pee pin ah was, Mach kah tah mo may, No tawkah, To I sas, Che quaw ka ko or Che chaw kosa, Ma sac, Memorn i nee, Me mot way or Me shing go me sia, Me to sin ia, Wee san

Map of Creek Land


This is a Map of Creek Indian Township Lawrence County Indiana.

Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
Agencies and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Many of the records of genealogical value were created by these offices.

The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Indiana has been compiled from Hill's Office of Indian Affairs..., Hill's Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians , and others.


 * Fort Wayne Agency 1824-30
 * Indiana Agency 1824-1850
 * Miami Subagency 1824-1853

Records
The majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:


 * Allotment records
 * Annuity rolls
 * Census records
 * Correspondence
 * Health records
 * Reports
 * School census and records
 * Vital records

Allotment Records
The General Allotment Act was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1887, marking the establishment of the allotment of land to individuals as the official and widespread policy of the federal government toward the Native Americans. Under this policy, land (formerly land held by the tribe or tribal land) was allotted to individuals to be held in trust until they had shown competency to handle their own affairs. The Bureau of Indian Affairs was the trustee.

Individual American Indians were given a prescribed amount of land on a reservation based upon what land was available and the number of tribal members living on that reservation. Generally, the amount of land allotted was 160 Acres for each head of family, 80 Acres for each single person over eighteen years of age, 80 Acres for each orphan child under eighteen years of age, and 40 Acres for each single person under eighteen years of age. This was dependent upon there being sufficient land available on the existing reservation. If the total acreage on the reservation was insufficient, the amounts of land were pro-rated accordingly.

Not all tribes and reservations were allotted.

Allotted Tribes of Indiana


 * Miami

Family History Library
In the Locality Search of the FamilySearch Catalog many American Indian records are listed under:

INDIANA - NATIVE RACES

See also the FamilySearch Catalog’s Subject Search under the name of the tribe, for example:

DELAWARE INDIANS

MIAMI INDIANS

SHAWNEE INDIANS


 * Lyman Copeland Draper Collection which includes:

Tecumseh Papers Shawnee Chief-1768-1823 Family History Library film: 889237and 887238


 * Moravian Church Records

1870 and 1880 index to Blacks, Mulatto and Indians

1870 Census 5 films Family History Library 1st film 1509480

1880 Census 8 films Family History Library 1st film 1509284

Reservations
From the mid-1800s, the official policy of the United States government toward the American Indian was to confine each tribe to a specific parcel of land called a reservation. Agencies were established on or near each reservation. A government representative, usually called an agent (or superintendent) was assigned to each agency. Their duties included maintaining the peace, making payments to the Native Americans based on the stipulations of the treaties with each tribe, and providing a means of communication between the native population and the federal government.

Sometimes, a single agency had jurisdiction over more than one reservation. And sometimes, if the tribal population and land area required it, an agency may have included sub-agencies.

The boundaries of reservations, over time, have changed. Usually, that means the reservations have been reduced in size. Sometimes, especially during the later policy of "termination," the official status of reservations was ended altogether.

For a current reservation map - Indiana - Indian Reservations- The National Atlas of the United States of America. Federal Lands and Indian Reservations. by the U.S. Department of Interior and U.S. Geological Survey.

The following list of reservations has been compiled from the National Atlas of the United States of America, the Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America , and other sources. There are current federally-recognized reservations in Indiana.


 * Godfrey Reservation
 * Meshingomesia Reservation
 * Osandiah Reservation
 * Ozahshinquah Reservation
 * Tahkonong Reservation
 * Wapapincha Reservation
 * Wife of Benjamin Reservation

See Also:

 * Indiana Church Records for a list of missions
 * Indiana History for a calendar of events
 * Indiana Military Records for a list of forts