Czechia Naming Customs

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Historical Background
In earlier centuries throughout Europe, one name was usually sufficient. But as populations increased it became necessary to distinguish between individuals with the same name. The problem was usually solved by adding descriptive information. Thus we find John the tailor, John the son of Nicholas, John the short, John the newcomer, or John from Moravia. When these "surnames" first came into being they were applied only to one person and not to the whole family. In time, these names became hereditary so that they passed from generation to generation.

It is not possible to determine the exact year or even the century when hereditary family names were taken. In most countries, the process took two or three centuries to become universally established in the society. Hereditary names were first used by the nobility and wealthy land owners. Later the custom was followed by merchants and townspeople and eventually by the common village folk.

Surnames in the modern sense were first used among Byzantine and Venetian nobility about the ninth century. From Venice the practice spread to much of Western Europe. By the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the custom was widely practiced in Britain and France. In Central Europe; Germany, Hungary, and Austria; including the area now in the Czech Republic, the practice was well established by the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

Male and Female Surnames
Czech surnames are affected by gender. A woman's surname must have a feminine ending. Grammatically there are two types of surnames: adjectives and nouns. Surname endings vary according to the type of surname and the sex of the person.

Adjectives

Most adjective surnames end in -ý for males and -á for females.

Other types of adjective surnames end in -í and in -ů. These surnames are the same for females as for males.

Nouns

Noun surnames end with a consonant or a short vowel (a vowel that doesn't have an accent mark). Noun surnames are feminized by adding the ending -ová.

Surnames that end with an -a, -e, or -o drop the final letter before adding the -ová.

Surnames ending with -ě are quite uncommon. These usually simply drop the -ě before adding the -ová. Some however keep the -ě and add a -t- before adding the -ová.

Surnames that end in -ec or -ek (or rarely -ev or -el) drop the -e- before adding the -ová.

Uncommon surnames ending with -ĕk or -ĕc may or may not drop the -ĕ-.

In many cases, even German and Hungarian names are subjected to the -ová ending.

Historical Background
In the Czech lands, the major source of given names was the names of Roman Catholic saints. Many of these were borrowed from foreign sources including names of Greek, Latin, Hebrew and German origin.

Other names are of purely Slavic origin. Among these the most popular were compound names which consist of two Slavic roots joined together. The following list gives the meanings of most of the various Slavic prefixes and suffixes.

Suffix Roots
Thus Vladimir means "rule of peace" and Dalibor means "continue fighting." Of course, not all suffixes are found with all prefixes.

In many cases male names had a female version created by adding -a.

Most Czech names (of all origins) end in a consonant (František, Jan, etc.) and female names usually end with -a (Kateřina) or -e (Marie). Most names have nicknames or diminutive forms which end in -a, -ek, or -ik. For example: Franta from František; Maňa or Mařka from Marie; Jarda or Jarek from Jaroslav, Pavlik from Pavel.

The records in the Czech Republic were kept in several different languages. The birth record of an individual may have been written in Latin and the marriage record may have been in German. Usually the given names were translated into the language of the document. In most genealogical reports from the Czech Republic, names are recorded as they appear in the original documents. This can cause confusion since an ancestor may appear as Vojtĕch in one record and Adalbertus in another. The name list given here includes most of the common names found in the Czech Republic and gives versions in Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Latin, German and English.

Although this list includes many names; it should be noted that certain names are enormously more common then others. The directory for the city of Prague in l896 shows that 7O% of the male population bore the five most popular names: Josef 22%, František l5%, Václav l2%, Antonín ll%, Jan lO%. Other very popular male names were Karel, Vojtěch, Matěj, Jiří, Alojzy (Alois), Martin and Jakub. The same source indicates that among females 6O% bore the five most common names: Marie 22%, Anna 2l%, Josefa, 7%, Kateřina 6%, Antonie 4%. Other very popular female names were Františka, Barbora, Terezie and Dorota.

Male Given Names
(under construction)

Female Given Names
(under construction)

Americanization of Names
A serious problem for some researchers is to determine the actual name of their immigrant ancestor. Some ancestors in their eagerness to be assimilated into American culture, traded their dificult foreign names for American names. This occured often with given names and to a lesser extent with surnames.

Given Names
Given names usually were simply translated to their American counterparts:

Because some given names have no English translation, they were frequently changed to almost any similar sounding American name:

Václav = Wenzel, Venceslaus, Wenceslaus, William, Wesley, Wendel, James

Surnames
Sometimes the name change was simply a translation:

In many cases the immigrant would choose an American name that sounded similar to foreign name:

Some immigrants who were sensitive about the pronunciation of their names changed the spelling so that Americans could pronounce their names correctly: