Andorra History

History
A principality of only 181 square miles, Andorra is located in the heart of the Pyrenees between France and Spain. It is a picturesque land of gorges and valleys drained by the Valira River. Historians speculate that the original inhabitants of Andorra were related to the Basque people of northern Spain. Other pre-Roman inhabitants included Celts, Iberians, and a small tribe called the Andosinos. Andorra was part of the Roman empire and when Rome fell it became a gateway for the barbaric tribes of Alans, Visgoths and Vandals into the Iberian peninsula.

By the time the Moors conquered Spain, Andorra was Christian. Andorrans welcomed Charlemagne’s incursions against the Moors in the 8th century. The most important document in Andorran history is the Carta de Fundacio d’Andorra, written by Charlemagne to grant Andorra’s independence. However, there are many who suspect that the document is a forgery, self-made by Andorrans to support their claims to independence from Spain and France. The country is divided ecclesiastically and civilly into parishes. Andorra had seven histroic parishes: Andorra la Vella, Aós, Canillo, Encamp, La Massana,Ordino, and Sant Julià de Lòria. Aós was dissolved in 1936. In 1978, the new parish of Escaldes-Engordany was established.

After the death of Charlemagne, Andorra came under the influence of the Count of Urgel, one of the most powerful families of the Spanish nobility. In 1133 the Count of Urgel ceded Andorra to the Bishop of Urgel. In 1159 Andorra became the object of a prolonged struggle between the Count of Foix (from France) and the Bishop of Urgel. The bloody dispute lasted for decades and was settled in 1278 when France and Spain agreed that the Count of Foix and the Bishop of Urgel would be joint rulers. The treaty mandated an annual tribute that is still paid to the Bishop of Urgel and the President of France (as the successor to the counts of Foix). The twin heads of state are referred to as “co-princes.”

In 1419 Andorra was granted permission to establish a parliament, known as the Council of the Land. In 1933 several Andorrans sponsored an attempt to establish a kingdom under Boris de Skossyreff, a Russian. Several days later “King Boris” was removed by several guardsmen of the Bishop of Urgel. The French sent in squads of gendarmes to keep domestic order, and a new parliament was elected.

The Council of the Land consists of twenty-eight members elected for four years, half of whom represent the seven parishes and the other half elected on the basis of a national constituency. In 1981 an executive branch of government was created with a Head of Government (elected by the Council of the Land), and four to six ministers responsible over such areas as defense, education, finance, foreign affairs, and tourism. In the twentieth century, Andorra has become a popular tourist destination and an important international retail center because of its low taxes and lack of customs duties.

The 1968 population was 18,000. It doubled by 1982 and doubled again by 1999 when there were 65,877 inhabitants. The people are ethnically Catalan and, by religion, Roman Catholic. The capital of Andorra la Vella has 21,630 inhabitants and is the largest town. 

Timeline
1278 - The present principality was formed by a charter and it is known as a principality as it is a diarchy headed by two Co-Princes the Catholic Bishop of Urgell in Spain and the President of the Republic of France. 1364 - The political organization of the country named the figure of the syndic now spokesman and president of the parliament, as a representative of the Andorrans to their co-princes 1419 - General Council of the Valleys was founded in 1419, the second oldest parliament in Europe 1601 - The Tribunal de Corts (High Court of Justice) was created as a result of Huguenot rebellions from France 1809 - Napoleon I reestablished the Co-Principate and deleted the French medieval tithe. 1812–13, the First French Empire annexed Catalonia during the Peninsular War and in 1814 a royal decree reestablished the independence and economy of Andorra 1882-1885 - Troubles of Andorra when the struggles continued between pro-bishops, pro-French and nationalists 1933 - France occupied Andorra following social unrest which occurred before elections and Andorrans took the Andorran Parlimant under their custody in rebellion to their requests 1936 - 1940 A French military detachment was garrisoned in Andorra to secure the principality against disruption from the Spanish Civil War and Francoist Spain 1982 - The first separation of powers took place when instituting the Govern d'Andorra, under the name of Executive Board, chaired by the first prime minister with the approval of the Co-Princes 1989 - The Principality signed an agreement with the European Economic Community to regularize trade relations 1993 - The political system was modernized after the Andorran constitutional referendum, when the constitution was drafted by the Co-Princes and the General Council 1993 - Andorra became a member of the United Nations and the Council of Europe