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INTRODUCTION

Researching your Dutch ancestors is exciting because of the amount of information you can extract from a single record. Due to this however, sometimes important details in the records are overlooked and you may be tempted to avoid obtaining other documentation. You should always obtain all records about your ancestor to get a realistic image of their lifetime.

A marriage in the Netherlands, depending on the time period, produced up to as many as six documents! The amount of information extracted from these records alone is astounding.

A bonus to those who have Dutch ancestors is, women are always identified in documents with their maiden name. In the Netherlands, women rarely lose their last name during their lifetime. There are special circumstances for the last name to change. Sometimes you will see a women identified with both her married name and maiden name. When this occurs, it is always written: married name first, hyphen, and then maiden name; e.g. Akke de Groot-Horjus – “de Groot” being the married name and “Horjus” being the maiden name.

As you do your Dutch genealogical research, you may think there are no errors or problems in the records. Wrong! There are errors and you will find them more often the further back in time you search. Often problems involve the men you are searching, unlike North American research where women create roadblocks. The mother is always named in a birth record; however, if the woman is unmarried the father is not always stated.

To carry out genealogical research of your Dutch ancestors in the Netherlands, you will need to know some of the Dutch language. The records from about 1814 to present are all written in Dutch. Prior to 1814, the documents may be written in Dutch, French or Latin, depending on the time period and the type of record that you are looking at.

For those unfamiliar with the Dutch language, you will need to become familiar with Dutch genealogical terms. This will ultimately give you the ability to navigate through the records.

It is suggested you keep a good Dutch-English dictionary handy whether you are searching documents, surfing the Internet or translating your information. It is also suggested you start your own list of often used Dutch words for a quick and easy reference.

There are several ways to access copies of Dutch documents from afar. A number of records can be viewed on microfilm from the Family History Library (FHL) in Salt Lake City. Many of these microfilms are being digitized and are available to be searched on the FamilySearch website. Records can also be requested by postal mail or via email directly from the archive or repository in the Netherlands.

There are a number of resources that can be obtained from FamilySearch through your local FamilySearch Center (FSC). Make sure you know where the closest FSC is to your home; you will visit the center often to do your research. Be sure to check the FamilySearch website to find the closest one to you (https://www.familysearch.org/locations).

You will find databases on the Internet that will provide you with the details needed to obtain the documents directly from the archives in the Netherlands or through the FamilySearch. There are many Dutch citizens volunteering their time to make genealogical information available through the Internet. Be sure to check the databases often, as they are being updated with new information quite frequently.

HISTORICAL INFORMATION

The area of Europe currently known as the Netherlands is rich with history. The official title of the country is the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden). The country covers 41,528 square kilometres where approximately 16 million people live today. The Netherlands is ranked in the top 25 countries with the largest population density per square kilometres!

Netherlands or Nederland literally means “Low Countries”. A good portion (approximately 27%) of the land lies below sea level and it has been vulnerable to flooding for many centuries. To learn more details about the major floods that have affected the Netherlands, visit Deltawerken Online at http://www.deltawerken.com/Floods/22.html. This site is available in Dutch, English and German.

The Netherlands has endured many wars with countries such as England, France, Spain and Germany. From 50 B.C. to 1588, it had been ruled by the Romans, Charlemagne, Philip the Good, The Habsburgs, Charles V, Philip II, and William of Orange.

In 1588 the country became known as the Republic of the United Provinces and retained that title until 1795. During the next thirty-five year period, 1795 to 1830, the country under went six title changes! The chart below outlines the time period the country changed titles.

The Land The present day Netherlands comprises of twelve provinces: Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe, Overijssel, Gelderland, North Holland (Noord Holland), South Holland (Zuid Holland), Zeeland, Flevoland, Utrecht, North Brabant and Limburg. A map of these provinces and their capital cities are outlined in Illustration No. 1-1. The landscape of the country has undergone many changes over the centuries. “Holland”, once a single province, was divided into North Holland and South Holland in 1840. Flevoland is the youngest province which became populated during the 1970’s. This province is comprised of land that was reclaimed from the South Sea (Zuiderzee). The South Sea ceased to exist in 1933, when the Afsluitdijk was closed off at the northern end and it became the IJsselmeer. Today it is two lakes, called IJsselmeer and Markermeer. Due to the many changes in the landscape, the use of maps is important when doing research in the Netherlands. It is equally important to use maps from the time period of your ancestor. How the land is shaped today is not the way it was 100 or 200 years ago.

Jurisdictions Over the centuries the Netherlands had its jurisdictions change a number of times. Knowing the various jurisdictions during the different time periods will assist you with your genealogical research.

Prior to 1543, the present day provinces were under the following jurisdictions:

• Counties of Holland and Zeeland  • Bishopric of Utrecht, including the city of Groningen and present day provinces of Overijssel and Drenthe   • Duchy of Gelre, including most of the present day Limburg   • Duchy of Brabant, including the southern part of present day Limburg   • Friesland   • Groningen, except the city of Groningen

During 1543, these jurisdictions were united under the reign of Charles V, King of Spain and Emperor of Germany. In 1555, Philip II, son of Charles V, reigned over the Netherlands. From 1568 to 1572, the country was at war with France with the rebellion being led by Willem I of Orange and later by his sons. The Dutch had established their own central government and incorporated the liberated provinces from 1572 to 1588. Illustration No. 1-1 Map of the Netherlands – Provinces and Major Cities 

When the country was known as the Republic of the United Provinces (1588-1795), there were the following seven provinces:

• Holland • Friesland • Zeeland • Gelderland • Utrecht • Groningen • Overijssel and Drenthe In 1795, the government of the Republic of the United Provinces was overthrown and replaced by the Batavian Republic. This was the beginning of many changes that were to occur over the next thirty-five years. In 1806, Napoleon’s brother, Louis Bonaparte reigned over the country and created the Kingdom of Holland. Then in 1811 it was annexed to the French Empire until 1814. When France was defeated in the Napoleonic wars, William Frederick, son of William V, returned to the Netherlands and became King William I.

In 1830, the people in the southern area of the Netherlands rebelled and formed the Kingdom of Belgium. The final border disputes were not resolved until 1839. That same year Limburg became a province and the next year, the province of Holland was divided into North Holland and South Holland. This would also be the last time borders changed to shape the present day provinces.

If you would like to learn more details about the different periods in Dutch history, visit the website “History of the Netherlands” (De Nederlandse Geschiedenis) at: http://www.historici.nl/overview/history/en/home.html. This site has been developed by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Buitenlandse Zaken) and is available in Dutch, English, French, German and Spanish. This easy to navigate website provides excellent details covering all periods between 50 B.C. and present day.

ADDITIONAL HISTORICAL INFORMATION

The Provinces

Each province of the Kingdom of the Netherlands has its own history that can affect your genealogical research. Here you are provided with a brief timeline, beginning during the 16th century, of events for each province.

                     Groningen

                     Friesland

                    Drenthe

                    Overijssel

 1528 Charles V was Lord of Overijssel; start of Reformation and the Lutheran religion strengthened in the province. 1566 Calvinists increased their influence throughout the province; Roman Catholic properties were destroyed. 1572 The province sided with the King of Spain, Philip II, in the Eighty Years’ War. 1573-1576 Province was occupied by Spanish troops. 1576-1580 Spanish troops left and Overijssel joined the other provinces. 1583-1653 During the years 1583, 1595, 1598, 1628 and 1653 ordinances were issued allowing only the Dutch Reformed Church to perform christenings and marriages. 1591-1597 Province was liberated by Prince Maurits of Orange. 1648 Eighty Years’ War ends. 1787 Patriots took over many of the government offices. 1791 Ordinances required duplicate registers to be produced--one being kept locally and the other being sent to the province. 1795 Overijssel became part of the Batavian Republic and called Departement van Oudenijssel; civil marriages were made mandatory; manorial system was abolished. 1805-1810 Province became part of the Kingdom of Holland. 1810-1814 Province part of the French Empire 1811 Civil registration began; surnames adopted. 1814 Overijssel became province of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; final border adjustments made with the province of Gelderland.

Gelderland 1543 Charles V became Duke of Gelre 1555 Charles V abdication; son, Philip II became King. 1568-1648 Eighty Years’ War 1572-1588 Dutch Reformed Church took over properties and possessions of the majority of Roman Catholic churches. 1672-1675 At war with France, England, Münster and Cologne. 1795 Part of the Batavian Republic and called Departement van de Rijn. 1806-1810 Part of the Kingdom of Holland. 1810-1813 Part of the French Empire and called Departement De L’lssel Superieur. 1814 Province of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1816-1817 Parts of Prussia annexed to Gelderland; some changes made in municipal boundaries. 1939-1945 Some archives and their records destroyed during World War II.

North Holland (Noord Holland) 1540s Period of reformation; many people became Lutherans and Anabaptists. 1568-1648 Eighty Years’ War 1578-1628 Rapid increase in population of Amsterdam. 1795 Batavian Republic established. 1806-1810 Area became part of Kingdom of Holland. 1810-1813 Part of French Empire. 1814 Part of the province of Holland in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1840 The two provinces of North Holland and South Holland were created from the single province of Holland. 1852-1853 Haarlemmer Lake (Haarlemmermeer) drained to reclaim land. 1941 Wieringer Lake (Wieringermeer) polder developed.

South Holland (Zuid Holland) 1543-1561 The keeping of baptismal and marriage registers required. 1568-1648 Eighty Years’ War. 1580 Civil marriages began; taxation began. 1695 Introduction of taxes on marriages and burials. 1792 Duplicate baptismal and marriage registers were required. 1795 Area became part of the Batavian Republic; guilds abolished; only civil marriages legal; church burials forbidden; records generated for voters and militia; census of males. 1806 Part of Kingdom of Holland. 1810 Area annexed to France. 1811 Civil registration began; surname adoptions; all church and civil registers ordered to be sent to the archives; municipalities organized with manors, liberties and areas with small populations dissolved. 1813-1814 Area became part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1816-1819 Border adjustments made with Utrecht and North Brabant. 1840 The creation of the provinces of North Holland and South Holland from the area known as Holland. 1973 Most populated province in the Netherlands with 153 municipalities.

Zeeland 1568-1648 Eighty Years’ War. 1713 French troops occupy Zeeuws Flanders 1795 Part of Batavian Republic; Zeeuws Flanders became part of France. 1809-1810 Zeeland became part of the French Empire and called Departement des Bouches de Schelde. 1814 Zeeland was liberated from France; Zeeuws Flanders became part of the province of Zeeland. 1830 Belgium made claim to Zeeuws Flanders. 1839 Provincial archives established. 1944-1945 Parts of the provinces heavily damaged from WW II bombings.

Flevoland Late 19th &amp; early 20th Century Began to reclaiming land from the South Sea (Zuider Zee). 1970s Reclaimed land started to be inhabited.

Utrecht 1528 Charles V became ruler of area. 1559 Bishop of Utrecht became Archbishop; changes in diocese boundaries. 1568-1648 Eight Years’ War 1580 Protestants gain control; Catholicism banned and properties confiscated. 1672-1674 War with France, England, Münster and Cologne; French troops occupy the area; Roman Catholics regain control of their churches for the two year period. 1795-1806 Part of the Batavian Republic; initially called Departements van Delft, Tessel and Rijn. 1801 Name changed to Departement van Utrecht. 1806-1810 Part of the Kingdom of Holland; borders changed. 1810-1813 Part of the French Empire and called Departement Du Zuiderzee. 1814-1815 Part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1816-1820 Provincial and municipal boundaries changed. North Brabant (Noord Brabant) 1568-1648 Eight Years’ War 1609-1621 Many Roman Catholics christen their children in Antwerp and ‘s Hertogenbosch. 1625-1648 Area became part of Dutch Republic. 1648 Area divided into Dutch and Spanish territories. 1747 French troops occupy Bergen op Zoom. 1798-1805 Part of Batavian Republic and known as Departments De ‘L Escant et Meuse en du Dommel. 1806-1810 Part of Kingdom of Holland; called Department Brabant. 1810-1814 Brabant annexed to France; western area called Departement Des Deux Nethes and eastern area known as Departement Des Bouches Du Rijn. 1815 Brabant became North Brabant province in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1830 Belgians revolt against the Dutch. 1839 Borders settled between the Netherlands and Belgium.

Limburg 1534 Religious persecution of Protestants. 1559 First Calvinists converted. 1566-1567 Invasion of Spanish troops; severe persecution and heavy taxation. 1568 Start of Eighty Years’ War; Prince of Orange invaded area. 1579-1632 Occupation by Spanish troops. 1621-1646 Many battles rage throughout area; Dutch troops occupy area. 1648-1661 Area divided by the Dutch and Spanish. 1673-1678 Area invaded by French troops. 1688-1697 French troops invaded and raged war until forced to leave. 1713 Land in the upper Gelderland area of Limburg divided between the Austrian Netherlands, the Dutch Republic and Prussia. 1747-1748 French troops invaded area and occupied Maastricht. 1785 The Dutch Republic and Austrian Netherlands exchanged land –Daalhem for Oud Valkenburg. 1794-1795 French occupied Limburg; area became part of Departement van de Ourthe and Departement van der Bezeden Maas; civil registration began. 1815 Limburg became a province of Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1830 The province except Maastricht was annexed to the Kingdom of Belgium – disputed by the Netherlands. 1839 Limburg returned to the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

THE LANGUAGE

Dutch and Frisian are the two official languages of the Netherlands. Dutch is a Germanic language and many words are similar to German and English words. You will also find some are the same or similar to French words.

Frisian is the language of the northern province of Friesland. This language is often mistaken as a dialect of Dutch. It is not. To be able to research your Dutch ancestors you will have to learn how to read some Dutch, but it is not necessary to learn Frisian. The civil registration records from Friesland are written in the Dutch language.

In general, Dutch civil registration and population records follow a standard format throughout the country.

It is necessary to learn to read some Dutch to understand the information in the records. However, it is not necessary to write in Dutch when requesting information from archives in the Netherlands. Many people can speak, read and write English. A word of caution, if you have found someone who may be a relative and they are elderly, it is likely they cannot communicate with you in English. The older generation does not speak English fluently.

It is recommended you find a good Dutch-English dictionary to assist you with the translation of the language. Of the four or five dictionaries I own, the one that I purchased from a used bookstore has been most useful (Engels Woordenboek, Nederlands-Engels, 17th Edition; Groningen, Nethelands: H. D. Tjeenk Willink, 1974). The North American published dictionaries seem to lack entries. I have also found dictionaries published in the United Kingdom (UK) to be better. The same applies to maps of the Netherlands. You will find much more detail in maps and atlases that are published in the UK and the Netherlands. So be sure to check the used bookstore!

There are many online dictionaries that are available to you. Dictionary.com (http://dictionary.reference.com/) and yourDictionary.com (http://www.yourdictionary.com/) are two of the many websites available. Should you need assistance with conjugating Dutch verbs, Verbix (http://www.verbix.com/languages/dutch.shtml) will be of great help you. There are a number of online translation sites that you could use to help translate your documents. One such website is Yahoo! Babel Fish Translation (http://babelfish.yahoo.com/).

Important Tip: Both of these sites will return Dutch words if it cannot translate it. They can also return the wrong English word. When this happens you will still need to use your dictionary.

Perhaps you would like to learn the language of your ancestors. This too can be done online! Learn Dutch (http://www.learndutch.org/) is one such website. You can even test your proficiency in Dutch on the Transparent Language website (http://www.transparent.com/learn-dutch/proficiency-test.html).

The FamilySearch website has the Netherlands Language and Languages webpage (https://wiki.familysearch.org/en/Netherlands_Language_ and_Languages) that provides a Dutch Word List. If you are researching records prior to 1814, you may also want to see the French and Latin word lists available on the same webpage.

To assist you in becoming familiar with Dutch words, below is a list of words that you will encounter often in your research. It is also advised that you start your own list of frequently used Dutch words and terms. This list will assist you in saving time when translating documents. With all these tools, you will soon easily extract genealogical details about your Dutch ancestors from the documents!

Dutch                               English  achternaam                      surname achterneef                        great-nephew; second cousin achternicht                      great-niece; second cousin adressen                         address akte                                act algemeen rijksarchief       general or state archive (national archive) alhier                              here, at this place ambtenaar                      officer, civil servant arrondissement               district beambte                         official begraafplaats                  cemetery begraven                         bury behuwd zoon                  brother-in-law benoeming                     appointment beroep                           occupation bevolkingsregisters         population registers binnen                           within; inside broer                              brother bruid                              bride bruidegom                      bridegroom bureau                           office burgemeester                 major burger                            citizen burgerlijke stand            civil registration buurt                            neighbourhood collectie(s)                   collection(s) dag                              day dagteekening               date dat                              that datum                         date deel                            part; volume deze                           this dochter                      daughter dood                          dead, death doop                          baptism, christening doopregisters             baptism register Doopsgezinde            Mennonites doos                          box, case dopen                        baptisms echtgenoot                 husband, spouse echtgenote                 wife, spouse echtscheidingen         divorce emigratie                   emigration erkende                     acknowledge Evangelisch Luthers   Evangelical Lutheran fol. abbr. page folio                          page geboorte(n)                birth geboren                     born gedaan                      done gedoopt                     baptized gegeven                     given gemeente                   city, municipality gemeentearchief         city or municipal archive genaamd                    named, called geschied(en)               happen, occur geslacht                     family geslachtsnaam        family name gesloten                 declared getuige                  witness getuigen                 testify gezindte                denomination gezinskaart(en)      family card(s) gild(e)                   guild graf                      grave grootvader            grandfather handteekening      signature heben                  to have heeft                    have heden                  today hervormd(e)          reformed Hervormd Lidmaat   Reformed Church Member huis                    house huisvrouw           housewife huwelijk             marriage huwelijken         marriage registers huwelijksaangiften             marriage intentions huwelijksackte                  marriage registration huwelijksafkondigingen      marriage proclamations huwelijksbijlagen               marriage supplement huwelijkstoestemmingen   marriage consents jaar                     year kanton                canton kantoor               office kerk                   church kerkmeester       church warden kind                   child klapper              index koninkrijk          kingdom laatstleden        last levenloos           lifeless lidmaat            (church) member man                husband mannelijk         male meerderjarige   of age middags          midday, noon militair             military minderjarige     under age moeder           mother naam              name naamsaanneming        name adoption natuur kind      natural child Nederlands Gereformeerd       Dutch Reform Church Nederduits Hervormd             Dutch Reformed notariële protocollen              notarial records oma                grandmother ondertekening  signature ondertrouw      marriage intentions ondertrouwd     publication of the banns ongehuwd        unmarried ontbonden        dissolved, ended oom                 uncle op                    on opa                  grandfather opgemaakt       made up oud                 old, aged ouder              older, elder, parent overheid          government overleden        deceased overlijdens      deaths persoonskaart(en)         person card(s) persoonslijst(en            person list(s) plaats            place polder            drained land protected by dikes register          register rijksarchief     provincial archive stadsarchief   city or municipal archives stadshuis       town or city hall   stadtholder     governor stamboom      family tree, pedigree steden           towns stiefdochter    stepdaughter stiefzoon        stepson straat             street streek            region, district streekarchief   regional archives tegenwoordigheid      present; present day toestemming   consent, assent, permission trouw              marriage, wedding tussen            between tussenvoegsel       interpolation uit                  out of uittreksel        extract; abstract ure                 hour vader             father verklaard(e)   declared vermelding    state vertrek          departure verstiging      establishment, settlement volkstelling    census voltrokken     execute, solemnize voogd           guardian voor             before voorgelezen  read voorletters    initials voornaam     given name voorouder(s)   ancestor(s), forefather(s) vrouw wife;   spouse vrouwelijk     female waarvan       of which wed. abbr. widow or widower weduwe      widow weduwnaar   widower weeskamer   orphans chambers welk(e)         which wethouder     alderman wijk              town district or quarter wonen          live, reside woonplaats   home, residence zonder          without zoon             son zwager         brother-in-law

Tip: You may have noticed when reviewing this list that the Dutch will sometimes put two or three words together to form one word. For example, naamsaanneming is formed from naams (names) and aanneming (adoption). If you cannot find the word in your dictionary, try breaking the word down and looking for the words individually.

Days of the Week Dutch         English zondag         Sunday maandag      Monday dinsdag       Tuesday woensdag    Wednesday donderdag   Thursday vrijdag         Friday zaterdag      Saturday

Months  Dutch        Old Dutch          English  januari        louwmaand          January februari      sprokkelmaand     February maart         lentemaand          March april           grasmaand           April mei            bloeimaand          May juni            zomermaand        June juli            hooimaand            July augustus   oogstmaand         August september  herfstmaand        September oktober      wijnmaand           October november   slachtmaand       November december   wintermaand       December  Numbers Numbers are written in words on the documents you will use for your research. '''No. Dutch      No.    Dutch ''' 0          nul           20      twintig 1          een, één   21     eenentwintig 2         twee         22      tweeëntwintig 3         drie          30       dertig 4         vier           31      eenendertig 5         vijf            32      tweeëndertig 6         zes          40      veertig 7        zeven        50      vijftig 8        acht          60      zestig 9        negen       70      zeventig 10       tien          80      tachtig 11       elf            90     negentig 12       twaalf      100    honderd 13       dertien     101   honderd een 14       veertien   110   honderd tien 15       vijftin       200   twee honderd 16       zestien   300   drie honderd 17     zeventien  1,000   duizend 18     achttien    2,000   twee duizend 19     negentien 3,000   drie duizend

Ordinals You will find that ordinals are used in documents; mostly in dates and street addresses. Ordinal    Dutch     Ordinal     Dutch  1st            eerste     6th            zesde 2nd           tweede    7th           zevende 3rd            derde      8th           achste 4th            vierde      9th          negende 5th            vijfde       10th         tiende  Dates The Dutch use ordinals to express dates. Here are a few examples of how you may see a date written. Dutch                           English één juli                        the first of July op één juli                   on the first of July twintig maart               twentieth of March op twintig maart          on the twentieth of March

Time In many of the Dutch civil registration records, you will find that the time of day that an event occurred has been included in full words. When the time is written in numbers, the 24-hour clock is used.

Important Tip: When reading time, remember that the half hour always refers to the previous hour rather than the following one. For example, half acht, literally means “half eight”, is actually 7:30.

Here are some examples of time: Dutch                          English één uur                         one o’clock tien uur                         ten o’clock vijf over één                  five past one tien over twee               ten past two twintig over één            twenty past one kwart over twee            quarter past two half drie                       half past two tien voor twee              ten to two kwart voor vier             quarter to four twaalf uur ‘s middags   noon middernacht                midnight ‘s morgens                  A.M. ‘s middags                  P.M.

Tip: The Dutch letter “Y”or “y” can be typed as “IJ” or “ij”; as in “Ype” or “IJpe”, which are both the same name. When doing searches on the Internet, use both possibilities when entering search words. Neither “Y” nor “IJ” is wrong, it depends on how a person generally types this letter. Example surname: “Van der Leij” and “Van der Ley”.

Calendar Changes

The Gregorian calendar was adopted by different areas of the Netherlands at different times. The chart below provides you with the dates the Gregorian calendar was adopted and the dates that were omitted to make the correction in the calendar.

  Area          Date Gregorian Calendar Adopted           Dates Omitted to Correct Calendar Error Brabant, Zeeland and most of Limburg   14 December 1582            15-24 December 1582 Holland (most of present-day North and South Holland)  1 January 158330 June 1700   2-11 January 1583 Gelderland                                                                                 1-11 July 1700 Utrecht and Overijssel    30 November 1700                                  1-11 December 1700 Friesland and Groningen      31 December 1700                            1- 1 January 1701 Drenthe                   30 April 1701                                               1-11 May 1701

The area of Groningen actually first switched to the Gregorian calendar 10 February 1583 and dropped the dates 11 to 20 February 1583. However, they reverted back to the Julian calendar in November 1594. The switch to the Gregorian calendar was again made on 31 December 1700.

As if this is not confusing enough for you, remember some areas of the Netherlands were part of the French Empire. The French Empire used the French Republican calendar from 1793 to 1805. It is possible to find dates that relate to this calendar. For more details on the French Republican calendar, see the FamilySearch Wiki page, French Republican Calendar (https://wiki.familysearch.org/en/French_Republican_Calendar).

To assist you in identifying if the French Republican calendar was used in your ancestors’ record, the following chart provides you with the names of the months in English, French, Dutch and Latin.

Months of the French Republican Calendar     English                      French                         Dutch                               Latin Autumn months: grape harvest              Vendémiaire              Wijnoogstmaand                  mensis vindemiarum fog                             Brumaire                   Mistmaand                          mensis brumarum frost                          Frimaire                     Rijpmaand                           mensus frimarum Winter months: snow                        Nivôse                        Sneeuwmaand                     mensis nivium rain                          Pluviôse                      Regenmaand                       mensis pluviarum wind                         Ventôse                      Windmaand                         mensis ventorum Spring months: germination              Germinal                      Kiemmaand                        mensis germinum flowering                   Floréal                         Blœmmaand                      mensis florum pasture                    Prairial                         Grasmaand                        mensis prætorum Summer months: harvest                    Messidor                      Oostmaand                        mensis messium heat                       Thermidor or Fervidor      Hittemaand                        mensis thermarum fruit                        Fructidor                        Vruchtmaand                     mensis fructuum