South Australia History

New Colony of South Australia
In the year 1829 a society, called the National Colonization Society, was formed, for the purpose of explaining to the public the plan of colonization on which the new province of South Australia is to be founded. The members of the Society were few, but they were ardent and assiduous: they encountered contempt, prejudice, and scorn; but they went on regardless of such opposition, and published to the world a statement of their plan...

In 1830 the plan of the South Australian Land Company was laid before the public. ... it contemplated making provision for the governments of the province, and purchasing a large tract of land of the Government at the price of 5s. per acre.

After some correspondence, in November, 1833, I proposed the formation of the South Australian Association, and was were fortunate enough to secure for it the powerful assistance of Mr. Grote, Mr. Clay, Mr. Ward, and those other gentlemen whose names are so familiar to you as forming the committee of that Association, through whose influence the Bill was brought into Parliament, and carried triumphantly, which has become the charter of South Australia. (Extracts from Robert Gouger's toast September 1835)

After making certain changes to their initial proposal, which was a republic, a Draft of an Act of Parliament was presented to Mr. Lefevre as a private communication by Robert Gouger on the 17th April 1834.

The following was point No. 11 AN ACT to authorize His Majesty to frame Laws and appoint Officers for South Australia, and to appoint Comissioners for managing the Colonization of the said Province with respect to Waste Lands and Emigration; and for raising Funds for the Purposes of Colonial Government.

This Act also specified the boundaries of the proposed Province, the system of local executive government, the appointment of the Board of Commissioners, the land and emigration scheme to be adopted, and the following unique self-government clause.

A Convict free State
The Industrial Revolution in England resulted in large numbers of people unemployed and living in poverty. This in turn led to a huge increase in the crime rate as people became more desperate to survive. In the late 1700s there were more than two hundred crimes in England carrying the death penalty. Overcrowding in prisons became such a problem that the government had to use left over hulks from the Napoleonic War as floating prisons. A number of these hulks were placed on the River Thames but others were anchored in Portsmouth and Plymouth harbours. In total, the government used nine different vessels. When these became overcrowded, Government officials saw transportation as the answer to the problem. Someone convicted of a capital punishment and whose death sentence was commuted would usually receive fourteen years transportation. Those convicted of a non-capital offence were usually sentenced to seven years. Initially, convicts were transported to America or the West Indies, but as a result of the American Revolution, an alternative destination was necessary.

South Australia was ultimately established through private enterprise by the South Australian Company and was the only state not to receive convicts.

Timelines 1830's to 1901
1830s 1836: South Australia proclaimed by Governor John Hindmarsh on December 28 at the Old Gum Tree, Glenelg. 1836: Site for Adelaide chosen by Colonel William Light beside the River Torrens. 1837: Colonel Light completes survey of Adelaide city centre and designs the city's grid layout. Allotments of 1 acre (0.40 ha) are made. 1837: First regional town, Gawler, is founded north of Adelaide. 1837: Adelaide's first hospital opens on North Terrace. 1838: The first Australian police force is formed in Adelaide, the South Australia Police. 1838: Overlanders Joseph Hawdon and Charles Bonney arrive in Adelaide from New South Wales with 300 head of cattle. 1838: First German immigrants arrive and settle in Adelaide and surrounds. 1839: Colonel Light dies at Thebarton and is interred in Light Square beneath a memorial. He is the only person buried within "the square mile". 1839: The first road in South Australia, Port Road, is opened. 1839: Edward John Eyre begins his explorations of the Flinders Ranges and beyond.

1840s 1840: The first portion of Government House is completed, becoming the first in Australia. 1840: Royal Adelaide Show held for the first time. 1840: The Corporation of Adelaide is founded as the first municipal authority in Australia. 1840: All 26 survivors of the shipwreck Maria are murdered by Aboriginals in mysterious circumstances along the Coorong. 1841: Construction of Adelaide Gaol begins. 1841: Adelaide Hospital (later Royal) opened.

1842: Copper is discovered at Kapunda. 1843: The first Legislative Council building opens on North Terrace. 1844: The colonial Government takes control of the Corporation of Adelaide. 1845: Copper is discovered at Burra. 1845: Port Pirie founded on the upper Spencer Gulf. 1846: John Ainsworth Horrocks dies while exploring land to the northwest of Lake Torrens. 1847: St Peter's College established. 1848: Pulteney Grammar School established 1850s 1850: The forerunner to Harris Scarfe, G. P. Harris and J. C. Lanyon, opened on Hindley Street. 1852: The Corporation of Adelaide is reconstituted. First transport of gold overland arrived in Adelaide. 1854: The township of Port Augusta at the head of Spencer Gulf is surveyed. 1854: The township of Gambierton, later Mount Gambier is founded in the South East. 1856: The South Australian Institute, from which the State Library, State Museum and Art Gallery derived, is founded. 1856: First telegraph line and steam railway between Adelaide and Port Adelaide opened. 1856: South Australia becomes one of the first places in the world to enact the Secret Ballot. 1857: Adelaide Botanic Gardens opened at today's site in the Parklands at the corner of North and East Terraces. 1858: Melbourne-Adelaide telegraph line opened. 1858: The first edition of The Advertiser newspaper is published. 1859: A jetty of more the 350 metres in length is constructed at Glenelg. 1859: Shipwreck of SS Admella off Carpenter Rocks in the South East. 89 dead. Worst maritime disaster to this day.

1860s 1860: Thorndon Park Reservoir supplied water through new reticulation system. 1861: East Terrace markets opened. 1861: Copper discovered at Moonta, on the Yorke Peninsula. 1863: First gas supplied to city. 1862: John McDouall Stuart successfully crosses the continent from north to south on his sixth attempt. 1865: Bank of Adelaide founded. 1866: The Italianate Adelaide Town Hall opened. 1866: First oil exploration in Australia at Alfred Flat near Salt Creek, along the Coorong. 1867: Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, made first royal visit to Adelaide. 1869: The City Market (later Central) opened on Grote Street. 1869: Prince Alfred College established.

1870s 1870: Port Adelaide Football Club established. 1872: The General Post Office opened. Adelaide became first Australian capital linked to Imperial London with completion of the Overland Telegraph. 1873: First cricket match played at Adelaide Oval. 1874: The Adelaide Oval is officially opened. 1874: The University of Adelaide founded. 1875: Adelaide Steamship Company founded. 1876: Adelaide Children's Hospital founded. 1877: The Adelaide Bridge across the Torrens completed. 1877: Copper mines at Burra and Kapunda close. 1878: First horse-drawn trams in Australia commenced operations in the city. 1879: Foundation stone of the University of Adelaide laid.

1880s 1880: Telephone introduced in South Australia. 1880: Fort Glanville opens. 1880: Reformatory Hulk Fitzjames commissioned and moored off Largs Bay. 1881: The Art Gallery of South Australia opened by Prince Albert Victor. 1881: Torrens Lake created following the construction of weir. 1881: Coopers Brewery is established. 1881: Drought ruins thousands of farmers on marginal land in the Mid North and Goyder's Line is recognised as the limit to agricultural settlement. 1882: First water-borne sewerage service in Australia commenced. 1882: The City Baths opened on King William Road. 1883: Adelaide Zoological Gardens opened. 1884: Adelaide Trades and Labor Council inaugurated. 1884: Fort Largs opens. 1885: The Adelaide Arcade opens. 1885: Flinders Column erected at the Mount Lofty Summit. 1887: Express train services between Adelaide and Melbourne commence. 1887: Stock Exchange of Adelaide forms. 1889: School of Mines and Industries opens on North Terrace. 1889: Lead smelters built at Port Pirie.

1890s 1892: First public statue, Venus (Venere Di Canova), unveiled on North Terrace. 1891: The Central Australia Railway reaches Oodnadatta in the far north. 1891 Four United Labor Party candidates are elected to Parliament, the first endorsed Labor members in Australia. 1892: First public statue, Venus (Venere Di Canova), unveiled on North Terrace. 1894: Parliament passes the Constitutional Amendment Act and South Australia becomes the first colony in Australia and the fourth place in the world to grant adult women the right to vote and the first in the world to grant them the right to stand as Members of Parliament. The right to vote includes Aboriginal women. 1896: Moving pictures shown for first time in South Australia at Theatre Royal on Hindley Street. 1896 Women vote in a general election for the first time in Australia and the second time anywhere in the world. 1896: Happy Valley Reservoir opened. 1897: Constitutional Convention on Federation held in Adelaide. 1899: South Australian contingent leaves Adelaide for the Second Boer War. 1899: State Referendum on Federation: South Australia votes Yes (70.2%). 1899 Governor Hallam Tennyson commenced duties, and BHP began mining at Iron Knob.

1900's

1900 Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act passed by British parliament. 1900 Workmen's Compensation Act. 1901 Federation of all Australian colonies into the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January. 1901 Population (excl aborigines) 358,346 (census).