Indigenous Peoples of Illinois

Learn about the indigenous people of Illinois, the tribes and bands, agencies, reservations and records.

See Indians of the United States and Their Records for suggestions on how to research American Indian ancestry.

To learn how to get started with Native American research, find research facilities, and Native American websites click here.

Tribes and Bands of Illinois


The most prominent tribes in Illinois were the Illinois, Miami, Winnebago, Fox and Sacs (Sauk), Kickapoo, and Pottawatomie tribes. The Illinois Native Americans were composed of five subdivisions including Kaskaskias, Cahokias, Tamaroas, Peorias, and Metchigamis. Most of these tribes were eliminated from Illinois by about the mid-nineteenth century either through warfare or resettlement to other territories by the federal government.

The following list of indigenous people who have lived in Illinois has been compiled from Hodge's Handbook of American Indians... and from Swanton's The Indian Tribes of North America. Some may simply be variant spellings for the same tribe.


 * Chippewa
 * Chippewa Indians
 * Delaware
 * Fox[[Image:Chippewa, Arrow-Maker.jpg|right|360x335px]]
 * Illinois
 * Iowa
 * Iroquois
 * Kaskaskia
 * Kickapoo
 * Michigamea
 * Miami
 * Moingwena
 * Ottawa
 * Peoria
 * Piankashaw
 * Potawatomi
 * Sauk and Fox
 * Sulk
 * Shawnee
 * Winnebago
 * Winnebago Indians Wyandot Indians
 * Wyandot

Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
Agencies and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Many of the records of genealogical value were created by these offices.

The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Illinois has been compiled from Hill's Office of Indian Affairs..., Hill's Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians , and others.


 * Chicago Agency
 * Prairie du Chien Agency 1824-1842

Records
The majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:


 * Allotment records
 * Annuity rolls
 * Census records
 * Correspondence
 * Health records
 * Reports
 * School census and records
 * Vital records

Researching Indigenous People in Illinois
It is usually best to start with a search at a local level such as the city, town, or village and then try the county or state. Links to county pages appear below. Additional resources for Native Americans of Illinois may be found in the Illinois-Native Races topic page of the FamilySearch Catalog or by doing an FamilySearch Catalog Subject Search under the name of the tribe. Copies of records on FHL microfilm and microfiche can be ordered for viewing at FamilySearch Centers. Also find Native Americans of Illinois resources available at many libraries (WorldCat). Explore how to search WorldCat and the FamilySearch Catalog.

The following references may be helpful for those searching for indigenous people in Illinois:


 * Beckwith, Hiram Williams. The Illinois and Indiana Indians. 1884. Reprint, New York, New York: Arno Press, 1975. This book gives histories of the tribes in Illinois. Available at many libraries (WorldCat); and
 * Tregillis, Helen Cox. The Indians of Illinois: A History and Genealogy. [Decorah, Iowa: Anundsen Publishing], 1983. In addition to histories of the tribes, this source contains biographies of prominent Illinois Indians and a bibliography of sources. Available at many libraries;
 * The Lyman Copeland Draper Collection which includes:


 * Chief Joseph Brant papers
 * Tecumseh Papers, (Shawnee Chief) 1768-1823


 * Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library 112 N. Sixth Street Springfield, IL 62701 Phone: (800) 610-2094 or (217) 782-5764 Holdings include materials on various ethnic groups and ethnic migration patterns, including some resources for Indians in Illinois. Search the card catalog.
 * Linkpendium's links for Ethnic resources also includes "Indian-Cemeteries" and "Indian-Tribes."

Reservations
From the mid-1800s, the official policy of the United States government toward Native Americans was to confine each tribe to a specific parcel of land called a reservation. Agencies were established on or near each reservation. A government representative, usually called an agent (or superintendent) was assigned to each agency. Their duties included maintaining the peace, making payments to the Native Americans based on the stipulations of the treaties with each tribe, and providing a means of communication between the native population and the federal government.

Sometimes, a single agency had jurisdiction over more than one reservation. And sometimes, if the tribal population and land area required it, an agency may have included sub-agencies.

The boundaries of reservations, over time, have changed. Usually, that means the reservations have been reduced in size. Sometimes, especially during the later policy of "termination," the official status of reservations was ended altogether.

The following list of reservations has been compiled from the National Atlas of the United States of America, the Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America , and other sources. There are no current federally-recognized reservations in Illinois.

Reservation Map - Illinois - Indian Reservations- Federal Lands and Indian Reservations. by the U.S. Department of Interior and U.S. Geological Survey.

=== See Also: ===


 * Illinois-History for a calendar of events
 * Illinois-Military for a list of forts
 * Illinois Ethnic Groups for related resources

FamilySearch Catalog Illinois Native Races