Putnam County, New York Genealogy

Guide to Putnam County, New York ancestry, family history, and genealogy birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, and military records.

New York Online Genealogy Records

Description
The County was named for Israel Putnam, a hero in the French and Indian War and a general in the American Revolutionary War. The County is located in the southeast area of the state.

Parent County
12 June 1812: Set off from Dutchess County

Boundary Changes
For animated maps illustrating New York County boundary changes, "Rotating Formation New York County Boundary Maps" (1683-1915) may be viewed for free at the MapofUS.org website.

No subsequent set offs or border changes since 12 June 1812.

Record Loss
There is no known history of courthouse disasters in this county.

Populated Places
For a complete list of populated places, including small neighborhoods and suburbs, visit HomeTown Locator. The following are the most historically and genealogically relevant populated places in this county:

Bible Records

 * 1581–1917 New York, Family Bible Records at Ancestry– ($); Index. Database is a collection of genealogically important records taken from the Bibles of colony and state residents. Reveals the Bible's original owner, brief record of descendants,and a particular event such as birth or marriage as recorded in Bible.
 * Gentry, C. Historical Records of Enoch Crosby Chapter, National Society, Daughters of the American Revolution, Putnam, Dutchess, and Westchester Counties, New York (1991) [FS Library 0860321]

Biography

 * Biographical sketches extracted from William Blake's The History of Putnam County (1849)
 * Butterfield, Julia Lorrilard Safford. A biographical memorial of General Daniel Butterfield (New York: The Grafton Press, 1904).
 * Commemorative biographical record of the counties of Dutchess and Putnam, New York (Chicago: J.H. Beers &amp; Co., 1897).
 * Eardeley, William Applebie. "The Hopkins Family of Putnam County, New York," in Putnam County, New York, Cemeteries: 1794-1914 (Brooklyn, N.Y.: the author, 1917). Ancestry.com ($)
 * Erickson, Margery O. A Few Citizens of Philipstown (Garrison, N.Y.: Capriole Press, 1990).
 * Fish Family History and Documents (scroll down page)
 * Haacker, Frederick C. Records of early settlers of Putnam County and Cortlandt Manor, New York (the author, Ancestry.com ($)
 * Historical and Genealogical Record, Dutchess and Putnam Counties, New York (Poughkeepsie: A.V. Haight Co., 1912)
 * Livingston, William Farrand, Israel Putnam: Pioneer, Ranger, and Major-general,1718-1790 (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1901).
 * Peekskill, Fishkill, Matteawan and Cold Spring : their representative business men and points of interest. (Newark, N.J.: Mercantile Pub. Co., 1892). Ancestry.com ($)
 * Pelletreau, William S. History of Putnam County, New York, with Biographical Sketches of Prominent Men (Philadelphia: W.W. Preston &amp; Co., 1886).
 * Putnam History Museum Genealogy Files Index
 * Swenson, Theodosia Smith. Southeast Through My Hundred Years (Brewster, N.Y.: Southeast Museum, 1973)
 * Taft, George A. The genealogical record of the descendants of James Bailey, Levi Bailey in Westchester and Putnam Counties, New York (Brooklyn: Bailey Association, 1948).
 * Wheeler, Glendon E. Nathaniel Parker of Dutchess and Putnam Counties (with Allied Families and Burial Grounds) (1995, rev. 1997)

Personal Papers Archived by the County Historian's Office

"The personal papers are primarily secondary records mixed with original documents. Many of the collections are a source for genealogy research and may also include information about local history, local sites, and politics." Click for more details about records.

501 Barnum Papers (Akin Family of Patterson), 1829-1935 502 Minnie Barnum Durga Papers 503 Brewster Granville Durgie, 1923-1994 (history of churches) 504 Cornwall Papers (Patterson), 1783–1827 505 Dykeman Papers, 1817-1928 506 George W. Gregory Papers 1862-1896 507 Gemmill Papers 1, 1823-1960 &amp; Gemmill Papers 2, 1775-1861 508 Giddings Papers, 1855-1889 509 S. Barrett Hickman Papers, 1897-2004 510 Samuel J. Hickman Papers, 1939-1987 511 J. Robert Houskeeper Papers, 1977-1979 512 Willitt C. Jewell Papers, 1845-1868 513 Phelps Papers 514 Nichols Papers, deeds 1824, 1846, 1856 515 Segur Papers, 1831-1923 516 Taber Papers, 1870-1928 517 W.O. Taylor Collection, 1839-1954 518 Wanzer Papers, 1777-1957 519 Warner Papers,1959-1960 520 Rena E. Wilson Diary, 1902-1903 512 Allen R. Pike Papers, 1955-76 522 Jane M. Wood Papers 523 Henry Burton Papers 524 Philip E. Prinz Papers 525 Isaac Tompkins Papers, 1898-1930 526 Patterson Papers, 1892-1901 527 Salmon Papers, 1838-1927 528 Buckley Family Papers 529 Israel Ben Scheiber Papers, 1939-57 530 Barbara Smith Buys Papers 531 Lawrence Bobker Papers, 1949 532 Ira Tompkins Collection 533 Frederick Kempf Collection 534 Orlando Collection, Putnam Valley 535 The History and Genealogy of the Akin Family in America 526 Northrup Papers 527 Addis Papers

Business Records and Commerce
Putnam County lawyers in the 1851 edition of The Law Register

The County Archives holds these records:


 * 100 Stallion Records, 1887-1906, 1909
 * 101 Veterinary Medical Registry, 1894-1912
 * 102 Physicians and Surgeons Registry, 1880-1970
 * 103 Dentists and Dental Hygienists Registry, 1896-1969
 * 104 Assumed Names Registry (Business names), 1900-1938
 * 105 Architects Registry, 1923-1954
 * 106 Farm Names, 1913-1937
 * 108 Engineer or Land Surveyor Affidavits, 1924-1951

Cemeteries
Cemetery records often reveal birth, death, relationship, military, and religious information.


 * 1800-1965 at FamilySearch — index
 * Brewster, NY, Cemetery Inscriptions (FS Library 17862)
 * Brinkman, William A. A Memorial: Records of early burial places on the farms in the town of Guilderland, N.Y. and surrounding towns (Altamont, N.Y., 1940). Includes burials at Settlers Hill in Putnam County.
 * Buys, Barbara S. Old Graveyards of Putnam County, New York (Baltimore: Gateway Press, 1975)
 * Cold Spring Cemetery Register (photocopy of register of all graves), Putnam County Historian
 * Eardeley, William Applebie. Putnam County, New York, Cemeteries: 1794-1914 (Brooklyn, N.Y.: the author, 1917). Ancestry.com ($) Contents: Adams Corners Cemetery (1794-1914); Croft's Corners: Selleck Plot (1828-1909); Tompkins Corners: Baxter Plot (1820-1902); Lake Oscawanna: Entrott Plot (1837-1849); Peekskill Hollow: Bryant Hill Road (1798-1911): Lang Family plot.
 * Fisher, Floyd. They All Rest Together; burial sites of early settlers -- southern Dutchess and Putnam Counties (1972).
 * Foley, Janet Wethy. Early Settlers of New York State, Vols. 5, 6, 7, 8 (mostly Carmel)
 * Foster, Emma J. and Livingston, Julia R. "Inscriptions in Milltown Cemetery, Southeast, N.Y.," NYGBR, Vol. 38 (1907), 273-277, Vol. 39 (1908), 42-46. Part 1, Part 2
 * Four Cemeteries in Putnam County, N.Y. (typescript, 1941) (FS Library 17862) Inscriptions from two Cold Spring cemeteries, Presbyterian Church Cemetery (Mahopac Falls) and Methodist Church Cemetery (Union Valley).
 * Frost, Josephine C. Inscriptions from ten cemeteries in Putnam County (typescript). Contains Barrett Cemetery, Bailey Cemetery, Williams Cemetery, Crane Cemetery, Cole Cemetery, Carver Cemetery, King Cemetery (near Tilley Foster Reservoir), Pardee Cemetery, Hughson Cemetery, Patterson Village Cemetery. (FS Library 17862)
 * Frost, Josephine C. Inscriptions from 13 old cemeteries in Putnam County, N.Y. (typescript, 1912). Includes cemeteries in Brewster, Carmel, Kent, Patterson and Towners.
 * Frost, Josephine C. Putnam County Cemetery Inscriptions (typescript, 1910). Includes cemeteries in Carmel, Kent Cliffs and Ludingtonville. Also here.
 * Genealogy Trails, Transcripts of Carver Cemetery in Carmel and two Cold Spring cemeteries
 * Gentry, C. Historical Records of Enoch Crosby Chapter, National Society, Daughters of the American Revolution, Putnam, Dutchess, and Westchester Counties, New York (1991) [FS Library 0860321]
 * Gottwald, Gottwald and Gottwald, Russell-Mead Cemetery, Town of Kent, Putnam County, New York (1993, reissued 1997)
 * Gravestones of Revolutionary War Patriots in Putnam County, N.Y., compiled by the Enoch Crosby Chapter, National Society Daughters of the American Revolution (2011)
 * Horton, W.P. Graveyard Inscriptions: Putnam County, N.Y., New York Genealogical and Biographical Record, Vol. 49 (1918), 76-82, 177-181, 303-307, 363-365. Includes transcripts for Peekskill Hollow Cemetery; Baxter Cemetery (Wicopee); Methodist Cemetery at Adams Corners (Peekskill), Bryant Hill Cemetery (Peekskill Hollow), Lafayette Avenue Cemetery (Peekskill), Selleck Cemetery (Crafts Corners), Hadden Cemetery (Peekskill), Wood Street Cemetery (Jefferson Valley), Tomkins Corners Cemetery (Putnam Valley), Entrott Cemetery (Peekskill) and Lane Plot (Shrub Oak).
 * Horton, W.P., "Graveyard Inscriptions, Methodist Churchyard, South Highlands [Garrison], Putnam County, N.Y.," NYGBR, Vol. 55 (1924), 185-190.
 * Horton, W.P., "Graveyard Inscriptions, North Highlands [Cold Spring], Putnam County, N.Y.," NYGBR, Vol. 55 (1924), 190-192, 236-240.
 * Horton, W.P., "Graveyard Inscriptions, Methodist Churchyard, MeKeels Corners [Garrison], Putnam County, N.Y.," NYGBR, Vol. 55 (1924), 240-241.
 * Horton, W.P, "Graveyard Inscriptions, Putnam County, N.Y.," NYGBR, Vol 56 (1925), 68-73, 187-195, 288-294, 308-317. Includes Methodist Churchyard (Mahopac); Russell-Meed Cemetery, Smalley Ground, Kent-Fishkill Baptist Cemetery; Hughson Farm Plot; Horton Farm Plot; Cole Family Burial Plot; Hill Family Plot; Bailey Burial Plot; Crane, Baldwin &amp; Fowler Graveyard; Williams Burial Plot; Barrett Cemetery; Halstead Cemetery; Kent Cliffs Baptist Churchyard.
 * Horton, William P. Cemetery inscriptions of Putnam County, N.Y. : including the towns of Adams Corners, Carmel, Cold Spring, Doansburg, Farmers Mills, Fredericksburg, Hortontown, Kent, Kent Cliffs, Lake Mahopac, Lake Oscawana, Ludington, Mahopac Falls, Meads Corners, Mekeels Corners, Milltown, Patterson, Secords Corners, Tilley Foster, Towners Corners, and Union Valley (Peekskill, N.Y.: the author, 1928). Ancestry.com ($) Also transcribed here: Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3
 * Nicholson, William A. Inscriptions from Clift or Drew Cemeteries (Brewster and Southeast), NYGBR, Vol. 49 (1918), 326-329.
 * Von Ahn, Karl H. Graves of Old Mount Hope Cemetery (2002), at Putnam Historian's Office
 * Wheeler, Glendon E. Index of gravestones for the people of Putnam County, New York (Rhinebeck: Kinship Books, 1997). ISBN 1560121505
 * Wheeler, Glendon E.. Burials and Gravestones of Persons, Families Associated with Putnam County, New York (Rhinebeck, N.Y.: Kinship Books, 1998). ISBN 1560121548
 * Wheeler, Glendon E. Burials and Gravestones, Putnam County, New York, Volume II (Simi Valley, Calif, 2002). More cemeteries and sources for deaths and burials in the county.
 * Wheeler, Glendon E. and Gottwald, Charles. Second Kent Baptist Church Cemetery (1997)
 * Wheeler, Glendon E. and Gottwald, Charles and Bernice. Raymond Hill Cemetery, Putnam County, New York (2000)
 * Wheeler, Behr, Gottwald and Wheeler, Halstead Union Cemetery, Town of Kent, Putnam County, New York (1995, reissued 1997)

Census
For information and tips on using and accessing online census records, see New York Census.

Federal
Other resources


 * 1790 U.S. Census for Philipstown
 * Extracts and indices to federal census for Kent (1840-1920), Putnam Valley (1850-1880), Carmel (1850-1870), Patterson (1860 &amp; 1870), Southeast (1860), Philipstown (1860) (Putnam County Historian)
 * List of all federal censuses for Putnam County, with links at Linkpendium

State and Local Census Records at Putnam County Historian


 * 1755 Slave Census for Putnam County
 * 1714, 1800 and 1810 county censuses (head of household)
 * 1825 state census for Patterson with index
 * Handwritten roll of residents of Brewster, 1898 and 1902
 * Extract and index to state census for Kent (1845, 1915, 1925)
 * 1845 state census for Philipstown (microfilm of original at New York Historical Society)
 * Census reports for Dutchess County (1807) and Putnam County (1814, 1821, 1825)
 * Extract for Putnam County from 1925 state census

Books


 * Wheeler, Glendon E. Town of Kent 1845 State Census (Rhinebeck, N.Y.: Kinship Books), ISBN: 1560122722. Purchase

Church Records
List of Churches and Church Parishes
 * FamilySearch Places

Parish Registers (Transcription)


 * 1839 - 1919, Cold Spring: St. Mary's Church in the Highlands (years only)
 * 1810 - 1811, Peekskill: St. Peter's Church
 * 1811 - 1911, Garrison: St. Philip's Church in the Highlands
 * 1806 - 1958, Mahopac Falls: Mahopac Falls, Putnam County, NY 1806-1958 (Rhinebeck, N.Y.: Kinship Books) ISBN 1560122498 Purchase
 * 1863 - 1893, Cold Spring: Vital Records of the Cold Spring Methodist Church, 1863-1893 - From the publisher: "This indexed volume is a transcript completed by Arthur C. M. Kelly of the original church baptism and marriage registers. A complete baptism entry would provide the date of baptism, date of birth, father’s name, mother’s given name and surname, child’s name, and names of sponsors. A complete marriage entry would provide the date of marriage, groom’s name with residence and parents, bride’s name with residence and parents, location of marriage, and witnesses to the event." 40 pages. ISBN 1560122978 Purchase
 * 1808 - 1853, Cold Spring: Vital Records of the Second Baptist Church, Philipstown, 1808-1853 - From the publisher: "This indexed volume is a transcript completed by Arthur C. M. Kelly of the original church baptism and marriage registers." 15 pages. ISBN 1560122986. Purchase
 * Gentry, C. Historical Records of Enoch Crosby Chapter, National Society, Daughters of the American Revolution, Putnam, Dutchess, and Westchester Counties, New York (1991) [FS Library 0860321]

Histories  


 * Chorley, E. Clowes, History of St. Philip's Church in the Highlands, Garrison, New York (New York: Edwin S. Gorham, 1912).
 * Floyd-Jones, Elbert. St. Mary's Church in the Highlands : Cold Spring-on-the-Hudson, New York : a history (Poughkeepsie, N.Y.: Frank B. Howard, 1920).

Court Records
In its 2015 annual guide to the county's records, the archivist noted that "'The various series of court records held by the Putnam County Archives can be difficult to navigate. ... Court records received by the archives had no obvious or easily discernible order. The fact that they were received piecemeal did not improve the situation. Tightly folded papers were securely bound in various packets, some with labels, most not. Box descriptions included discontinuances, old county clerk records (unidentified), transcripts, recognizances, motions, undertakings, petitions, bonds, injunctions, notice of appeals, court calendars, stenographer’s notes, court minutes, justice returns, and a favorite, “assorted papers” ... In general, it does not appear that case files containing the entire trail of actions were kept. In fact, many court records may be lost: in the 1980s many boxes of records of the court of common pleas were destined for a landfill until “rescued” by the then-county historian. Be aware that records that ought to be found in one series may have been filed in another. It will take many years to index and cross-index all the court series.'" The County Archives holds the following records:


 * 037 Jury lists, 1813-1952
 * 061 Indictments, 1839-1910
 * 062 Grand Jury Minutes, 1855-1922
 * 154 County Court Records (other), 1844-1932
 * 013 Court of Common Pleas, 1812-1848
 * 005 Commitments to County Jail, 1812-1850
 * 016 County Court, Court of Sessions records, 1812-1895
 * 018 Court of Oyer and Terminer records, 1814-1892
 * 061 Indictments 1839-1910
 * 068 Records of Convictions 1855-1916
 * 155 Criminal Court Records, 1843 – 1934, gaps
 * 156 Recognizances and other Criminal Papers, 1837-1919
 * 014 Supreme Court Records, 1846-1910
 * 015 Justice Court Records, 1813-1891
 * 045 Judgment Records, Court of Common Pleas, Supreme, Oyer &amp; Terminer, Putnam County Court, 1812-1913 (numbered cases)
 * 046 Orders and Rules, Supreme Court, 1878-1937 (vol. &amp; pg. no.)
 * 047 Putnam County Civil Actions &amp; related documents, 1819-1872 (vol. &amp; pg. no.)
 * 054 Orders and Discontinuances, 1878-1936
 * 057 Transcripts of Judgments, 1812-1935
 * 058 Index to Judgments, 1812-1954 (series 045)
 * 059 Assignments of Judgments, 1854-1936
 * 060 Satisfactions of Judgments, 1835-1937 (numbered files)
 * 063 Supreme Court Orders, 1859-1939
 * 064 Lis Pendens, 1824-1864
 * 065 Lis Pendens Index, 1812-1961
 * 066 Bail Book, 1812-1851
 * 067 Notes of Issue, 1878-1939
 * 079 Insolvent Assignments, 1814-1915
 * 088 Orders Appointing Receivers, Insolvency Cases, 1874-1906
 * 089 Court directed Moneys to County Treasurer, 1892-1923
 * 113 Putnam County Court Minutes, 1812-1935
 * 134 New York City vs. Putnam County Assessors, 1904-1937
 * 149 Justices Returns, 1850-1916
 * 174 Attachments, 1835-1891
 * 175 Assignees, 1861-1903
 * 153 Record of Old Estates, 1812 – 1875
 * 182 Survey of Historical Records in Putnam County, WPA project, 1936
 * 184 Letters of Guardianship, 1812-1975
 * 185 Guardian’s Bonds, Administrator’s Bonds, 1890-1948

Rowe, Chip, "Putnam County, New York, Clerk Receipt Book, 1821-1827," New York Genealogical and Biographical Record, V149 (2018). See original at Putnam County Historian.

Crime and Criminals
The County Archives holds the following records:


 * 004 Sheriffs’ Bond and Appointments 1812-1916, 1925
 * 005 Commitments to County Jail 1812-1850
 * 006 State Inspections of the County Jail 1905-1947
 * 066 Bail Book, 1812-1851
 * 068 Records of Convictions, 1855-1916

Directories

 * Putnam County Directory for the Years 1891-1892: Patrons' Classified Business Directory (Newburgh: Hudson River Directory Publishing, 1891)
 * 1931 Putnam County Year Book (Carmel: Putnam County Chamber of Commerce, 1931)
 * Putnam County Directory, 1938 (Cold Spring: The Putnam County News, 1938)
 * Brewster Town Directory, 1910 - Ancestry.com ($)

Emigration and Immigration

 * 1906-1942 at FamilySearch — index and images

Maps and Gazetteers

 * French, J.H., "Putnam County," Gazetteer of the State of New York (Syracuse: R. Pearsall Smith, 1860), 540-543. Footnotes
 * FamilySearch Places: Map of cities and towns in this county - How to Use FS Places

Genealogy

 * Rootsweb message board for has many information threads about families that resided in that county. There is a search engine that allows you to search by surname and topic.
 * NYGenWeb: Putnam County
 * NYPUTNAM-L email discussion list
 * Daughters of the American Revolution, Enoch Crosby Chapter, Carmel
 * Putnam County Historian A Handbook for Putnam County History and Genealogy (Brewster, N.Y.: Office of the County Historian, 2015). 77 pages. Chapters cover basic sources, the archives, wills and deeds, researching prior to the county's formation in 1812, libraries and history repositories, historical societies, church records and a list of available publications. ($)
 * USGenNet: Putnam County Resources
 * Genealogy Trails: Putnam County
 * Putnam County records published by Kinship Books, Rhinebeck
 * New York Genealogical &amp; Biographical Society: Putnam County Guide (members only)

History
Books


 * Barber, John W. and Howe, Henry. "Putnam County," Historical Collections of the State of New York (New York: S. Tuttle, 1842), 448-452.
 * Blake, William J. The history of Putnam County, N.Y. : with an enumeration of its towns, villages, rivers, creeks, lakes, ponds, mountains, hills, and geological features, local traditions, and short biographical sketches of early settlers, etc. (New York: Baker &amp; Scribner, 1849). See also extracts of the book's biographies and town histories
 * Brewster through the years : 1848-1948, history and folklore (unknown, 1949?). Ancestry.com ($)
 * Cheli, Guy. Putnam County : Images of America (Mt. Pleasant, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2004). ISBN 0738536563
 * Cranston, Henry. The Hudson Highlands (New York: Henry Cranston, 1883).
 * Grace, Trudie A. Around Cold Spring : Images of America (Mt. Pleasant, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2011). ISBN 0738575976
 * Grace, Trudie A. and Forlow, Mark. West Point Foundry: Images of America (Mt. Pleasant, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2014). ISBN 1467120642
 * Hillary, Horace E. Putnam County History Workshop (Patterson, N.Y., 1954-1957). Ancestry.com ($)
 * Historical and Genealogical Record, Dutchess and Putnam Counties, New York (Poughkeepsie: A.V. Haight Co., 1912)
 * Jewell, Willitt C., 9 chapters in Volume II on Putnam County in Zimm, Louise Hasbrouck (ed.), Southeastern New York, 3 vols. (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1946)
 * Peekskill, Fishkill, Matteawan and Cold Spring : their representative business men and points of interest.. (Newark, N.J.: Mercantile Pub. Co., 1892). Ancestry.com ($)
 * Paschke, Pamela Ricciardi, The South Precinct of Dutchess County, NY, 1740-1790 (Paschke Publishing, 2018)
 * Pelletreau, William S. History of Putnam County, New York, with Biographical Sketches of Prominent Men (Philadelphia: W.W. Preston &amp; Co., 1886).
 * Thirty Years of Early History of Cold Spring and Vicinity (Newburgh: Schram Printing House, 1886).
 * Thirty Years of Early History of Cold Spring and Vicinity (Newburgh: Schram Printing House, 1886).

Digital Archives

Livingston-Svirsky Archive (LiSA) at Desmond-Fish Library, Garrison. Includes a collection of documents related to Hamilton Fish, Daniel Butterfield, William Dominick Garrison and local history.

Markers

Putnam County Historical Markers

Land and Property
Online


 * 1812-1963, Putnam County Deeds and Mortgages (index). Familysearch.org
 * 1812-1901, Putnam County Deeds Familysearch.org
 * 1812-1929, Putnam County Mortgages Familysearch.org
 * National Register of Historic Places in Putnam County

Books


 * Ruddock, William T. Confiscated Properties of the Philipse Highland Patent, Putnam County, New York, 1780-1785 (Westminster, Md.: Heritage Books, 2012). ISBN 0788453858 Purchase

Microfilm


 * 1824-1885, Lis pendens (real estate lawsuits), Putnam County (FS Library 931879), from original records at Putnam County Courthouse 
 * 1885-1894, Lis pendens (real estate lawsuits), Putnam County (FS Library 931880)

The County Archives has the following land and property records:


 * 009 Deeds and Indentures filed with the County Clerk, 1791-1932
 * 012 Mortgages (including chattel) filed with the County Clerk, 1791-1859, 1812-1859, 1859-1932
 * 019 Field Books and Land Surveys, 1813-1832
 * 056 Satisfactions of Mortgages, 1817-1914
 * 072 Title Searches by Putnam County, 1850-1936
 * 080 Town of Putnam Valley Assessment Roll 1932
 * 081 Grantee Index for Deeds 1870-1929
 * 082 Grantor Index for Deeds 1870-1929
 * 083 Grantor/Grantee Index for Deeds 1850(s)-1911
 * 084 Mortgage Index 1812-1917
 * 087 Assignment of Mortgages 1906-1908
 * 124 Commissioners of Forfeitures 1780-1786
 * 134 New York City vs. Putnam County Assessors 1904-1937; Box 13 assessment rolls Southeast; Box 15 assessment rolls Philipstown
 * 153 Record of Old Estates, 1812 - 1875
 * 164 Mortgage Tax Collection Letters, 1924-1935
 * 183 Real Estate Orders (Transfers), 1813-1958

Maps



 * Maps of New York (1683-1915)
 * Putnam County map of 1854
 * List of Putnam County maps at Linkpendium

Migration
Early migration routes to and from Putnam County for European settlers included:


 * Albany Post Road (or Queen's Road, or King's Road) 1669

Revolutionary War

 * Gravestones of Revolutionary War Patriots in Putnam County, N.Y., compiled by the Enoch Crosby Chapter, National Society Daughters of the American Revolution (2011)
 * Revolutionary War Petition extracted from Blakes's History of Putnam County (1849)

Civil War

 * 1861-1865 at FamilySearch — index

Available towns. Registers are available for: Carmel· Kent· Patterson· Philipstown· Putnam Valley· Southeast. They are available on FS Library film 1993346.

The Carmel and Southeast registers are available at Ancestry.com ($).

Federal Census 

1890 Census of Union Veterans and Widows of the Civil War (Putnam County, N.Y.) Familysearch.org

Civil War Papers of Edwin Foster Richards, 1862-1887 (HC232) at Putnam County Historian

Regiments

Service men in Putnam County served in various regiments. Men often joined a company (within a regiment) that originated in their county.


 * - 6th Regiment, New York Heavy Artillery, Companies G and L.
 * - 59th Regiment, New York Infantry
 * - 65th Regiment, New York Infantry, Company B.
 * - 95th Regiment, New York Infantry, Company K.
 * - 135th Regiment, New York Infantry, Companies G and L.
 * - 194th Regiment, New York Infantry, Company F.

Indexes

Bailey, Carol and Wargas, Catherine. Putnam County Men in the Civil War (Rhinebeck, N.Y.: Kinship, 2008). ISBN 1560123192. Purchase. Their original research is archived at the Putnam County Historian's Office (HC233).

World War I
Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918, Putnam County, N.Y.

Cassidy, Roderick, Putnam County Veterans of World War I (2018)

General

 * Military Pensioners in 1883 in Putnam County, N.Y.
 * Military Pensioners in 1841 in Putnam County, N.Y.
 * Putnam County Veterans from Revolutionary, Civil War. WWI, WWII, Korea and Vietnam (Genealogy Trails)

The County Archives holds these records:


 * 021 DB 1 Folder D, Oaths of Office 1813-1863
 * 021 DB 1 Folder Q, Military Pensions and bounty lands 1854-66
 * 051 Oaths of Office, Civil and Military 1815-1918
 * 136 Military Draft Notices, Patterson, 1863
 * 137 Enrollment roll for NYS militia, 1917
 * 163 Military Exemptions WW1, 1917

Naturalization and Citizenship
The County Archives holds these records:


 * 055 Naturalization, Declaration of Intention, 1842-1929
 * 115 Naturalization, Petition and Records, 1905-1939
 * 116 Naturalization, Final Application, 1840-1906
 * 117 Naturalization, Affidavits, 1861-1895
 * 126 Naturalization, Register of Oaths, 1861-1906

Indexes

 * 1791-1980 at FamilySearch — index and images
 * 1792-1989 Index to Petitions for Naturalization filed in New York City, 1792-1989 at Ancestry ($). This database is based on NARA's Soundex Index to Petitions for Naturalization filed in Federal, State, and Local Courts located in New York City, 1792-1989. All 5 boroughs are included.
 * 1824-1941 at FamilySearch – free; Index.
 * 1824-1946 at FamilySearch — index and images
 * 1861-1906 - Declarations of Intention, Putnam County, N.Y. (FS Library 1304714) Microfilm of original records in Putnam County Courthouse, Carmel, N.Y.
 * 1861-1895 - Naturalization Affidavits, Putnam County, N.Y. (FS Library 1304714)
 * 1895-1906 - Record of final applications to be admitted to become citizens, Putnam County, N.Y. (FS Library 1304714)
 * 1917-1950 at FamilySearch – free; Index.

The FamilySearch Library has also acquired this comprehensive index for the years 1792 through 1906 on microfilm:. The courts this index covers are:


 * City Court of Brooklyn, 1836-1894
 * Kings County Court, 1806-1906
 * New York City Marine Court, 1806-1849
 * New York County Common Pleas Court, 1792-1895
 * New York County Superior Court, 1828-1895
 * New York City and County Supreme Court, 1868-1906
 * Queens County Court, 1799-1906
 * Queens County Surrogate Court, 1888-1898
 * Richmond County Court, 1869-1906
 * U.S. Circuit Court Southern District, 1846-1876
 * U.S. District Court Eastern District, (Kings, Queens, Nassau and Suffolk counties), 1865-1906
 * U.S. District Court Southern Court Southern District, (New York, Bronx and also Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Richmond, Rockland, Sullivan and Westchester counties), 1824-1906

Newspapers
Online


 * Mahopac Public Library Digital Archives - Putnam County Courier (1840-1930) - searchable by keyword with year selected
 * Brewster Public Library Digital Archives - Brewster Standard (1870-1982) - searchable by keyword
 * Google News - Hudson Valley News, Beacon (Sept. 1991 to July 1992)
 * New York Historical Newspapers: Putnam County (Brewster Standard, 1869 to present)
 * Old Fulton New York - PDF scans of various New York newspapers, including these from Putnam County. You can search the entire site by keyword from its main page.


 * Putnam Country Courier (Carmel), 1849-1988
 * Putnam Country Republican (Carmel), 1882-1946
 * Cold Spring Recorder, 1867-1934
 * The Highlands Current (2010-   )
 * Putnam County News & Recorder

Microfilm 


 * Putnam County Newspapers at New York State Library, Albany
 * Putnam History Museum, Cold Spring, has the Cold Spring Recorder / Putnam County News &amp; Recorder on microfilm, 1867 -1988, and paper copies from 1988 to present
 * Putnam County Newspapers at Various Libraries and Institutions, via Chronicling America

Indexes


 * Wheeler, Glendon E. Deaths in The Putnam County Courier, 1922 and 1931-1940 (2007)
 * Wheeler, Glendon E. Carmel Newspapers, Putnam County, Marriages and Deaths, 1849-1873 (Rhinebeck, N.Y.: Kinship Books, 1998) ISBN 156012153X. Purchase

Poorhouses, Poor Law, Etc.

 * 1876-1914 - Record of inmates, Putnam County poor house (FS Library 1304714)
 * 1794-1822 - Poormasters' records for Philipstown (microfilm, Putnam County Historian)
 * Putnam County Poorhouse photos and history

Records in the Putnam County Archives:


 * 023 Putnam County Almshouse Record of Inmates,1875-1914
 * 029 Overseers records and Indentures to Apprenticeship, 1813-1902
 * 036 Putnam County Department of Public Welfare records, 1936-1977
 * 039 Keeper of Poorhouse records, 1865-1914
 * 049 Putnam County Board of Child Welfare records, 1922-1938
 * 099 Committees: Lunatics, Incompetents, and Habitual Drunkards, 1848-1923
 * 112 Superintendent of the Poor records, 1830-1852

Probate Records
Online Abstracts and Indexes


 * 1626-1836 Calendar of Wills On File and Recorded in the Offices of the Clerk of the Court of Appeals, of the County Clerk at Albany, and of the Secretary of State, 1626-1836 at FamilySearch Digital Library; Also at: Ancestry ($), American Ancestors ($)
 * 1629-1971 at FamilySearch.org — index and images
 * 1659-1999 New York Wills and Probate Records 1659-1999 at Ancestry — index and images $
 * 1764-1807 - Eardeley, William Applebie. "Some wills of Putnam County, New York, Families: Recorded at Poughkeepsie, New York," in Putnam County, New York, Cemeteries: 1794-1914 (Brooklyn, N.Y.: the author, 1917). Ancestry.com ($)
 * 1787-1835 Abstracts of Wills, Administrations and Guardianships in NY State, 1787 - 1835 at American Ancestors ($).
 * 1812-1865 SAMPUBCO Browsable index of testators of wills.
 * 1812-1875 - Wills and estates
 * 1812-1898 - Letters of Guardianship
 * 1812-1905 - Letters of Administration
 * 1812-1970 - General Index. Familysearch.org
 * 1813-1902 - Orders
 * 1816-1901 - Wills
 * 1852-1904 - Letters of Testamentary
 * 1866-1923 at FamilySearch.org — index and images
 * 1890-1936 - Guardian Bonds

Probate Records on Microfilm


 * 1812–1936 Probate Records: Index, 1812–1970; Wills, 1812–1901; Letters Testamentary 1830–1904; Letters of administration, 1812–1905; Guardianship 1812–1936.

The County Archives holds these original records:


 * 034 Probate, Surrogates’ Court Records, 1814-1915/18 (numbered cases)
 * 187 Index to Probate, 1812-1950
 * 053 Guardianships, Infancy Proceedings, 1857-1925
 * 071 Executors’ Oaths, 1868-1887
 * 076 Taxable Transfers, 1892-1965
 * 077 Taxable Transfers Index, 1920-1945
 * 078 Transfer Tax 1922-1943
 * 121 Surrogates’ Minutes, 1829-1955
 * 123 Surrogates’ Court Correspondence, 1919-1922
 * 141 Administrator’s Oaths, 1868-1941
 * 142 Administrators’ Bonds, 1895-1925
 * 143 Bonds of executors and trustees, 1915-1939
 * 144 Corporation Sureties, 1908-1933
 * 150 Wills, 1812 - 1931
 * 151 Letters of Administration, 1812 – 1905
 * 152 Letters Testamentary, 1830 - 1905

Repositories

 * Cornell University, Guide to Historical Resources in Putnam County, New York Repositories. ([Ithaca, New York]: New York Historical Resources Center, Olin Library, Cornell University, 1987). ; . (Digital version) Includes index. Includes sources for family history and genealogy.
 * Boyer, Donna. An introduction to the availability of the historical and genealogical primary sources in eastern Putnam County (Carmel: Kent Public Library, 1986).

County Archives
Putnam County Archives 40 Gleneida Avenue, 3rd Floor Carmel, New York 10512 Phone: (845) 808-1001 Fax: (845) 808-1901

2015 guide to the holdings of the County Archives (PDF)

County Clerk
Putnam County Clerk 40 Gleneida Avenue, Room 100 Carmel, NY 10512

County Historian
County Historian's Office 68 Marvin Ave Brewster NY 10509-1515 Telephone: 845-808-1420 Fax: 845-278-4865 E-mail: [mailto:historian@putnamcountyny.gov historian@putnamcountyny.gov]

Open for research weekdays 9 a.m. to 4 p.m.(from 8 a.m. in summer) Advance notice requested.

Putnam County Historian Historical Records Series Guide

Select Records

204. Odd Fellows Collection 1877-1975: Brewster Lodge 457 and Patterson Lodge 173 231. World War I Veterans Collection, 1918-1919 402. Cemetery notebooks of the Rev. Floyd Fisher 404. Rev. Horace E. Hillery (County Historian) research notes, 1953-1962

Collections


 * The Document and Records Collection consists of a variety of papers such as family genealogy, correspondence, diaries, scrapbooks, directories, essays, personal papers of prominent private and political figures, business records of civic organizations, account books, indentures, deeds, certificates and historical reference.
 * The Map and Aerial Photograph Collection documents the history of land use and ownership in the county. The collection contains more than 800 maps, original and photocopies, from the American Revolution to present day and over 350 aerial photos. The more frequently utilized maps are by O’Connor (1854), Beers (1867), and T.H. Reed (1876). The aerials are dated 1933, 1963, 1986/7. The map collection is indexed.
 * The Photograph Collection contains over thousands of images dating from the mid-19th Century to present day, and includes a significant number from the files of The Patent Trader and The Putnam County Courier. The photography collection is indexed by subject, and many photos have been scanned.
 * The Publications and Pamphlets Collection (1862 to present) features government, civic, political party,
 * and tourism brochures and is accessible through a database.
 * The Cassette and Digital Recordings Collection (audio and video) consists of oral history, special events, local events, and special programs on a number of CDs and digital tapes, this part of the collection is expected to grow substantially. It is indexed in this directory.
 * Miscellaneous Artifacts, souvenirs, memorabilia, ordinarily related to archival collections.

The office's Handbook for Putnam County History and Genealogy is updated annually and available for $10 postpaid from Putnam County Historian, 68 Marvin Avenue, Brewster, NY 10509.

Public Libraries
There are eight public libraries in Putnam County that belong to the Mid-Hudson Library System that serves a five-county area and shares a catalog that includes a sizeable collection of genealogical materials. For information on the individual libraries in Putnam County, click here.

FamilySearch Centers

 * Middletown New York FamilySearch Center
 * Newburgh New York FamilySearch Center
 * Newtown Connecticut FamilySearch Center
 * Poughkeepsie New York FamilySearch Center
 * Yorktown New York FamilySearch Center


 * Elting Memorial Library/Haviland-Heidgerd Historial Collection - an affiliate library
 * New Fairfield Free Public Library - an affiliate library
 * New Milford Public Library - an affiliate library

Historical Societies
Putnam History Museum 63 Chestnut Street Cold Spring, NY 10516-2613 Phone: 845-265-4010 Facebook Research hours: Wed. 11-3, or by appointment

Southeast Museum 67 Main Street Brewster, NY 10509 Phone: 845-279-7500

Town of Carmel Historical Society P.O. Box 456 40 Mcalpin Ave Mahopac, NY 10541 Phone: 845-628-0500 Facebook

Kent Historical Society P.O. Box 123 407 Farmers Mills Road Carmel, NY 10512 Phone: 845-228-1776 kenthistoricalsociety@gmail.com Facebook

Patterson Historical Society P.O. Box 534 1144 RT 311 Patterson, NY 12563 845.319.3071

Putnam Valley Historical Society 301 Peekskill Hollow Road Putnam Valley, NY 10579 Phone: 845-528-1024 Facebook

Preserve Putnam County 1544 Route 6 Carmel, NY 10512 212.351.4534

Schools

 * Kent, Putnam County, NY School Records 1863-1886 (Rhinebeck, N.Y.: Kinship Books) - This transcript of the Town school records provides the names of the residents together with the names of their children with ages attending school. 72 pages. ISBN: 1560122706. Purchase

Taxation
The County Archives holds these records:


 * 077 Taxable Transfers Index, 1920-1945
 * 022 Taxation and Assessment records, 1859-1919
 * 024 Putnam County Directory and Tax Levy, 1948 – to present
 * 031 Petitions, Licenses, and recognizance to sell liquor (Tavern licenses), 1813-1878
 * 035 Petition for submission of Local Option Questions under Section 13, Liquor Tax, DB 1, 1917
 * 043 Tax Collector’s Books 1857-1907, all towns, and 1831 Carmel,
 * 076 Taxable Transfers, 1892-1965
 * 078 Transfer Tax, 1922-1943
 * 080 Town of Putnam Valley Assessment Roll, 1932

Books


 * Kent, Putnam County, NY Tax Records 1857-1907 - This book is a transcript of the Town tax records for 1857, 1860, 1867, 1887, 1895, and 1907. A typical entry would include name of resident, number of acres. valuation, description of property. 70 pages. ISBN: 1560122714 Purchase
 * The South Precinct of Dutchess County New York 1740-1790 by Paschke, Pamela Ricciardi, published by Paschke Publishing, 2018. This book includes transcriptions of extant tax lists for 1740-1748 and 1753-1779 for the area which is now contained in Putnam County, New York, formerly part of Dutchess County. Find here

Transcripts


 * "Town of Southeast, Tax List, 1779," The Dutchess (Dutchess County Historial Society), Vol. 15, No. 3 (1988)

Microfilm


 * 1815-1836 - Philipstown Assessment Rolls (Putnam County Historian)

Federal Records 

Internal Revenue Assessment Lists, Putnam County, 1862-1866 Familysearch

Town &amp; County Records
Meeting Minutes in Town Clerks' Offices

Brewster: 1946-69, 1971 to present Carmel: 1787 to present Cold Spring: 1888 to present Kent: 1886 to present (1795 to 1885 in County Archives) Nelsonville: 1855 to present Patterson: 1863 to prseent Philipstown: 1809 to present Putnam Valley: 1839 to present (with gaps) Southeast: About 1882 to present

Books Transcriptions published by Kinship Books, Rhinebeck:


 * Carmel, Putnam County, NY 1795-1839 - This transcript of the Town records provides the names of many residents who appear in lists of officers, road pathmasters, elections, fence viewers, school district residents. 192 pages. ISBN: 1560121068
 * Fredericksburg to Kent, Putnam &amp; Dutchess County, NY 1788-1841 - This book was translated and edited by Glendon E. Wheeler from a microfilm of the original Town record. This transcript of the Town records provides the names of many residents who appear in lists of officers, road pathmasters, elections and much more. Full name index is included. 254 pages. ISBN: 1560122056
 * Kent, Putnam County, NY 1841-1886 - This transcript of the Town records provides the names of many residents who appear in lists of officers, road pathmasters, elections. 145 pages. ISBN: 1560122692
 * Patterson, Putnam County, NY Clerk Records 1795-1863 - Indexed transcript of Town minutes, elections, manumission records, etc. 351 pages. ISBN: 1560122951
 * Putnam Valley, Putnam County, NY 1839-1916 - Indexed copy of Town minutes, election of officers, etc. 389 pages. ISBN 1560123176

Other transcriptions:

Mucciolo, Christina. Town of Putnam Valley Town Records, 1928-29 and 1942-45 (Brewster, 2015)

Microfilm


 * 1809 - 1864 - Philipstown Record Book (including highway commission, town meetings, earmarks, school district boundaries, election returns, surveys and jury lists), currently being transcribed and indexed by Putnam County Historian (2015)
 * 1795 - 1885 - Kent Town Meeting Minutes (Putnam County Historian)
 * 1795 - 1862 - Patterson Town Meeting Minutes (Putnam County Historian)

County Government

Journal of the Proceedings of the Putnam County Board of Supervisors, 1829, 1846-1979 (Putnam County Historian). All other records before 1846 are lost.

Vital Records
Vital Records in Town Clerks' Offices

Brewster: 1902 to present Carmel: 1880 to present Cold Spring: 1890 to present Kent: 1882 to present Nelsonville: 1890 to present Patterson: 1879 to prseent Philipstown: 1882 to present Putnam Valley: 1847-49 and 1882 to present Southeast: 1882 to present

Birth

 * 1881-1942 at FamilySearch — How to Use this Collection; index and images
 * 1881-1942 New York, Birth Index, 1881-1942 at Ancestry — index($)


 * 1881-1942 Reclaim the Records: New York State Birth Index at Archive.org - images of index

Birth Substitutes


 * 1640 – 1962 -  at FamilySearch – free; Index.
 * 1913 - 1931 - Brewster, scans of records at Putnam County Historian
 * 1882 - 1911 - Kent, index to births at Putnam County Historian
 * 1882 - 1937 - Putnam Valley, scans and indexes at Putnam County Historian
 * See Town Clerks' Registers of Men who Served in the Civil War in the Civil War section of Military
 * Gentry, C. Historical Records of Enoch Crosby Chapter, National Society, Daughters of the American Revolution, Putnam, Dutchess, and Westchester Counties, New York (1991) [FS Library 0860321]
 * See Church Records

Marriage

 * 1639-1962 New York, United States Marriages at Findmypast — index $
 * 1664–1784 - New York. Secretary of State, Names of Persons for Whom Marriage Licenses Were Issued By the Secretary of the Province of New York, Previous to 1784 (Albany, New York: Weed, Parsons and Co., 1860). At Cornell University digital library-free; Internet Archive - free; Ancestry edition($); ; . Marriage bonds issued in the State of New York prior to 1784, and the earliest record dating 1664.
 * 1847–1848 and 1908–1936 at FamilySearch — index and images
 * 1881-1964 Reclaim the Records: New York State Marriage Index at Archive.org - images of index
 * 1882 - 1911 - Kent, index to marriages at Putnam County Historian
 * 1882 - 1963 - Putnam Valley, scans and indexes at Putnam County Historian
 * 1908–1935 - Putnam County Marriages at – free; . Name index and images of records after state in 1908 began requiring counties to keep marriage records. The County Archives holds the originals (070 Marriage licenses &amp; certificates 1908-1935; 122 Marriage records 1918-1935 [index for series .070])

Marriage Substitutes


 * 1686-1980 at FamilySearch – free; Index. Index entries derived from digital copies of original and compiled records.
 * 1777–1834  - Fred Q. Bowman,10,000 Vital Records of Eastern New York, 1777-1834 (Baltimore,MD: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1987). Ancestry ($); MyHeritage ($); ; . Abstracted from newspaper marriage and death columns.
 * 1800–1855 - New York Marriage Notices at Ancestry– ($); Index. This database is a collection of marriage notices published in newspapers around the state. Contains name of bride and groom, marriage date, marriage location, residence, and newspaper found in.
 * 1824 -1868 - Wheeler, Glendon H. Analysis of Marriages of Elder Nathaniel Robinson, 1824-1868 (Simi Valley, Ca.: Wheeler Historical Society, Revised 2006)
 * 1849-1873 - Wheeler, Glendon H., Carmel Newspapers, Putnam County, N.Y. : Marriages and Deaths, 1849-1873 (Rhinebeck, N.Y.: Kinship, 1998). ISBN 156012153X. Purchase.
 * 1683-1906 - Marriages with dates taken from genealogical and church records in Westchester and Putnam Counties (FS Library 17999)
 * Wheeler, Glendon H. - Index of Married Women of Putnam County, New York (Simi Valley, Calif, 1999)


 * See Church Records

Death
Death Indexes


 * 1824-1962 at FamilySearch — index
 * 1880-1956 at FamilySearch — index and images
 * 1880-1956 New York, Death Index, 1880-1956 at Ancestry — ($), index only
 * 1880-1956 - Reclaim the Records: New York State Death Index at Archive.org - images of index
 * 1957-1963 at FamilySearch — Index only

Death Substitutes


 * 1820 - 1973 - Coroner Records in the Putnam County Archives: (1) 021 Coroner, Records Filed with County Clerk 1822-1896, DB #1, I; (2) 052 Coroner, Inquests, 1820-1913, (3) 069 Coroner, Inquests Index, 1820-1973
 * 1913 - 1935 - Brewster, scans of death records at Putnam County Historian
 * 1882 - 1911 - Kent, index to deaths at Putnam County Historian
 * 1882 - 1963 - Putnam Valley, scans and indexes at Putnam County Historian
 * 1777–1834  - Fred Q. Bowman,10,000 Vital Records of Eastern New York, 1777-1834 (Baltimore,MD: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1987). Ancestry ($); MyHeritage ($); ; . Abstracted from newspaper marriage and death columns.
 * 1795–1952 at FamilySearch – free; Index. The entries are primarily from the IGI along with some entries derived from compiled and original records such as Family Records, Church Records, and Civil Registration. There may be entries that cite a specific source.
 * 1819 - 1869 - Wheeler, Glendon E. Record Book of Rev. Nathaniel Robinson, Putnam County, New York - Funerals 1819-1869 (Dayton, Nv.: Wheeler Historical Society, 2006)
 * 1849-1873 - Wheeler, Glendon H., Carmel Newspapers, Putnam County, N.Y. : Marriages and Deaths, 1849-1873 (Rhinebeck, N.Y.: Kinship, 1998). ISBN 156012153X
 * 1922, 1931-1940 - Wheeler, Glendon E. Deaths in The Putnam County Courier, 1922 and 1931-1940 (2007)
 * Wheeler, Glendon E. - Master Death Index: Putnam County, New York (Dayton, Nev., 2014), 2 volumes
 * Gravestones of Revolutionary War Patriots in Putnam County, N.Y., compiled by the Enoch Crosby Chapter, National Society Daughters of the American Revolution (2011)
 * 1849-50, 1859-60, 1869-70, 1879-80 - See Mortality Schedule information in the Federal Census section of Census for death information. Name search of 1850-1880 at Ancestry.com ($)
 * See Town Clerks' Registers of Men Who Served in the Civil War in the Civil War section of Military for death information.


 * See Church Records

Additional Resources

Putnam County New York Genealogy Websites

 * Putnam County, NY History, Records, Facts and Genealogy
 * New York Genealogy Network Community on Google+
 * New York Genealogy Network Group on Facebook
 * The Putnam County NYGenWeb Project, an member of The NYGenWeb Project, an affiliate of The USGenWeb Project.
 * Putnam County NY Genealogy