Turkmenistan Emigration and Immigration

Online Sources

 * 1850-1934 Auswandererlisten, 1850-1934 (Hamburg passenger lists) at FamilySearch, images.
 * 1850-1934 Hamburg Passenger Lists, 1850-1934 at Ancestry - index & images ($)
 * 1855-1924 Hamburg Passenger Lists, Handwritten Indexes, 1855-1934 at Ancestry, ($) images.
 * Hamburg, Germany Emigrants at Findmypast, ($) index.

Turkmenistan Emigration and Immigration
"Emigration" means moving out of a country. "Immigration" means moving into a country. Emigration and immigration sources list the names of people leaving (emigrating) or arriving (immigrating) in the country. These sources may be passenger lists, permissions to emigrate, or records of passports issued. The information in these records may include the emigrants’ names, ages, occupations, destinations, and places of origin or birthplaces. Sometimes they also show family groups.

Immigration into Turkmenistan

 * Turkic-speaking Oghuz formed the ethnic basis of the modern Turkmen population. In the 10th century, the name "Turkmen" was first applied to Oghuz groups that accepted Islam and began to occupy present-day Turkmenistan.
 * By the 16th century, most of those Turkmen tribes were under the nominal control of the Uzbeks. Turkmen soldiers were an important element of the Uzbek militaries of this period.
 * Russian forces began occupying Turkmen territory late in the 19th century.
 * In 1924, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic was formed. In 1990, the Supreme Soviet of Turkmenistan declared sovereignty as a nationalist response to perceived exploitation by Moscow. On 26 December 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist.
 * Available figures indicate that most of Turkmenistan's citizens are ethnic Turkmens with sizeable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians. Smaller minorities include Kazakhs, Tatars, Ukrainians, Kurds (native to the Kopet Dagh mountains), Armenians, Azeris, Balochs and Pashtuns.
 * he CIA World Factbook estimated the ethnic composition of Turkmenistan in 2003 as 85% Turkmen, 5% Uzbek, 4% Russian and 6% other.

Emigration From Turkmenistan
KNOMAD Statistics: Emigrants: 249,500. Top destination countries: the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Germany, Belarus, Türkiye, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, Israel, Azerbaijan.
 * Based on data from receiving countries, MeteoZhurnal estimated that at least 102,346 Turkmenistani citizens emigrated abroad in 2019, 78% of them to Türkiye, and 24,206 apparently returned home, for net migration of 77,014.
 * According to leaked results of a 2018 survey, between 2008 and 2018 1,879,413 Turkmenistani citizens emigrated permanently out of an estimated base population of 5.4 million.