United States Freedmen's Bureau Miscellaneous Records - FamilySearch Historical Records

United States

What is in This Collection?
Index and images of records identified as miscellaneous created by the Freedmen's Bureau which will include many different record types. The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (often called the Freedmen’s Bureau) was created in 1865 at the end of the American Civil War to supervise relief efforts including education, health care, food and clothing, refugee camps, legalization of marriages, employment, labor contracts, and securing back pay, bounty payments and pensions.

What Can These Records Tell Me?
The following information may be found in these records:

Freedmen's Bureau
 * Letters and endorsements sent and received
 * Account books
 * Applications for rations
 * Applications for relief
 * Court records
 * Labor contracts
 * Registers of bounty claimants
 * Registers of complaints
 * Registers of contracts
 * Registers of disbursements
 * Registers of freedmen issued rations
 * Registers of patients
 * Rosters of officers and employees
 * Special and general orders and circulars received
 * Special orders and circulars issued
 * Records relating to claims, court trials, property restoration, and homesteads

Coverage Table
The search results in this collection will identify the National Archives microfilm publication that the indexed image is from along with the film, digital and image numbers. The coverage table will help you determine the specific locality and provide the film notes which should identify the record type. Additional images of bureau records for the locality identified in the table will be found by searching in the browse collection.

To see the records indexed and their localities see the coverage table United States Freedmen's Bureau Miscellaneous Records Coverage Table (FamilySearch Historical Records)

How Do I Search the Collection?
Before searching this collection, it is helpful to know:
 * Name of the person you are looking for
 * Some other identifying information such as age, residence or former owner

How Do I Analyze the Results?
Compare each result from your search with what you know to determine if there is a match. This may require viewing multiple records or images. Keep track of your research in a research log.

I Found Who I Was Looking For, What Now?

 * Use the information found in the records to search for the family in census records after 1860
 * Search for the family in county and state level records for marriages
 * Search state census records
 * Look at the entire community to place the families in groups

I Can't Find Who I'm Looking For, What Now?

 * There may be more than one person in the records with the same name
 * Look for variant spellings of the names. You should also look for nicknames and abbreviated names
 * Look for another index. Local genealogical and historical societies often have indexes to local records
 * Search the indexes and records of nearby counties
 * Former slaves may have had used multiple names or changed their names until they decided upon one particular name. Search all possible names along with variations or spellings of their known names

Research Helps
The following articles will help you in your research for your family in the United States.
 * United States Guided Research
 * United States Record Finder
 * Research Tips and Strategies

General Information About Freedmen's Bureau Records
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was established in the War Department in March of 1865. It was commonly called the Freedman’s Bureau and was responsible for the management and supervision of matters relating to refuges, freedmen, and abandoned lands. The Bureau assisted disenfranchised Americans, primarily African Americans, with temporal, legal and financial matters, with the intent of helping people to become self-sufficient. Matters handled included the distributing of food and clothing; operating temporary medical facilities; acquiring back pay, bounty payments, and pensions; facilitating the creation of schools, including the founding of Howard University; reuniting family members; handling marriages; and providing banking services. Banking services were provided by the establishment of the Freedman’s Saving and Trust Company, or Freedman’s Bank. The Bureau functioned as an agency of the War Department from approximately June 1865 until December 1868. In 1872, the functions of the Bureau were transferred to the Freedmen’s Branch of the Adjutant General’s Office. The Bureau assisted over one million African Americans, including many of the nearly four million emancipated slaves, which was over 25% of the population of former slaves in America. The records identify those who sought help from the Bureau at the end of the Civil War. Most supplicants were freed slaves, some of which were military veterans. In addition, a few veterans who were not African Americans also sought help from the Bureau. Freedmen’s Bureau records are usually reliable, because the records were supplied through first-person correspondence or the recording of a marriage.

Citing This Collection
Citations help you keep track of places you have searched and sources you have found. Identifying your sources helps others find the records you used.