Indigenous Peoples of Washington

United States Washington  American Indian Research  Indians of Washington

Learn about the tribes and bands, state recognized tribes, agencies, records and reservation of the Indians of Washington.

To learn how to get started with American Indian research, find research facilities, and American Indian websites click here.

Tribes and Bands of Washington
Many tribes and bands of Indians have historically resided in the Pacific Northwest. Many of them signed treaties with the United States government and ceded claims to land. A maps of some of these land cessions is available online. The following list of American Indians who have lived in Washington has been compiled from Hodge's Handbook of American Indians... and from Swanton's The Indian Tribes of North America. Some may simply be variant spellings for the same tribe. A map of the current Federally-Recognized Tribes of Washington State is available online.

Tribes: Chathlamet, Cathlapotle, Cayuse, Chehalis, Chelan, Chilluckittequaw, Chinook, Clackamas,Clallam,Clallum, Columbia, Coeur d'Alene, Colville, Copalis, Cowlitz, Duwamish, Hoh, Humptulip, Kalispel, Klickitat, Kwaiailk, Kwalhioqua,   Lummi, Makah,Methow, Mical, Muckleshoot, Neketemeuk, Nespelem, Nez Perce, Nisqually, Nooksack, Ntlayapamuk, Okanagon, Ozette,Palouse, Pshwanwapam, Puyallup, Queets or Quitso, Quileute, Quinault,Sahehwamish, Salish, Samish, Sanpoil, Satsop, Semiahmoo, Senijextee, Shoalwater Bay, Sinkaietk, Sinkakaius,Skagit,Sinkiuse-Columbia, Skilloot, Skin, Snohomish, Snoqualmie, Spokane, Squaxin or Squakson, Suquamish, Stillaguamish, Swinomish,Taidnapam, Tulalip, Twana, Upper Skagit, Walla Walla, Wanapam, Watlala, Wauyukma, Wenatchee, Wishram, Wynoochee, Yakama

Confederated Tribes: Colville, Okanagan, Lakees, San Poil, Methow, Nespelem, Entiat, Wenatchee, Moses, Nez Perce, and Palouse

Indian Tribes of Washington Territory. by George Gibbs. WorldCat

Indians in Washington:Indian Tribes and Reservations in Washigton. by Victor A. Meyers. WorldCat

Washington State Recognized Tribes
Chinook Indian Tribe of Oregon and Washington, Inc. (also known as Chinook Nation)

Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
Agencies and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Many of the records of genealogical value were created by these offices.

The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Washington has been compiled from Hill's Office of Indian Affairs..., Hill's Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians , and others.


 * Columbia River Agency
 * Colville Agency, P.O. Box 111, Nespelem, WA 99155
 * Cushman Agency
 * Flathead Agency
 * Eastern District Agency
 * Makah Agency
 * Neah Bay Agency
 * Nisqually Agency
 * Olympic Peninsula Agency, P.O.Box 120, Office Building Hoquiam, WA, 98550
 * Nez Perce (Washington East of the Cascades) Agency
 * Puget Sound Agency, 3006 Colby St., Federal Bldg, Everett, Wa, 98201
 * Puyallup Agency
 * Quinaielt Agency
 * Skokomish Agency
 * Southern District Agency
 * Spokane Agency, P.O.Box 389, Wellpinit, WA, 99040
 * Swinomish Agency
 * Taholah Agency
 * Tulalip Agency
 * Western Washington Agency
 * Washington East of the Cascades Agency
 * Yakima Agency, P.O. Box 632, Toppenish, WA 98948

Records
The majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:


 * Allotment records
 * Annuity rolls
 * Census records
 * Correspondence
 * Health records
 * Reports
 * School census and records
 * Vital records

Enrollment and Allotment Records
Enrollment Records

United States Office of Indiana Affairs, Application for Enrollment and Allotment of Washington Indians, 1911-1919. M1343.

Roll of Certain Indian Tribes in Oregon and Washington. by Charles E. McChesney and Glen Cameron Adams. Fairfield, Washington: Ye Galleon Press, c. 1969. WorldCat

Indian Schools
The Office of Indian Affairs (now the Bureau of Indian Affairs) established a network of schools throughout the United States, beginning with Carlisle Indian School, established in 1879. Some of these schools were day schools, usually focusing on Indian children of a single tribe or reservation. Some were boarding schools which served Indian children from a number of tribes and reservations.

In addition, other groups such as various church denominations established schools specifically focusing on American Indian children. (read more...)

The following list of Indian Schools in Washington has been compiled from Hill's Office of Indian Affairs..., Hill's Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians , and others.


 * Cushman School
 * Neah Bay School
 * Taholah School

Indian Health Facilities

 * Tacoma Hospital

Family History Library

 * A wealth of genealogical information is available for the various Indian tribes in Washington. Besides published histories, the Family History Library has microfilm copies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) records of births, marriages, deaths, censuses, schools, land allotments, heirships, and family records. They are available from about 1887 to 1952 from agencies such as the Colville, Puyallup, Taholah, Tulalip, and Yakama. The original documents are at the National Archives—Pacific Northwest Region (Seattle).

See also the FamilySearch Catalog for over 300 titles Washington Native Races


 * An especially useful source is the collection, Family Index Cards, 1938-1950, created by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Portland Area Office


 * Records of American Indians are also listed in the Subject section of the FamilySearch Catalog under the names of the agency or tribe. Some of these tribes are the Nez Perce, Yakama, and Chinook.


 * Washington Superintendency records


 * Jesuits records 1853-1960

Reservations
Many of the reservations in Washington are small, with one agency of the Bureau of Indian Affairs having responsibilities for the tribes residing on several reservations. Most of the records kept by the federal government about the tribes will be found in the appropriate agency.

From the mid-1800s, the official policy of the United States government toward the American Indian was to confine each tribe to a specific parcel of land called a reservation. Agencies were established on or near each reservation. A government representative, usually called an agent (or superintendent) was assigned to each agency. Their duties included maintaining the peace, making payments to the Native Americans based on the stipulations of the treaties with each tribe, and providing a means of communication between the native population and the federal government.

Sometimes, a single agency had jurisdiction over more than one reservation. And sometimes, if the tribal population and land area required it, an agency may have included sub-agencies.

The boundaries of reservations, over time, have changed. Usually, that means the reservations have been reduced in size. Sometimes, especially during the later policy of "termination," the official status of reservations was ended altogether.

For a current reservation map -Washington - Indian Reservations- The National Atlas of the United States of America. Federal Lands and Indian Reservations. by the U.S. Department of Interior and U.S. Geological Survey.

The following list of reservations has been compiled from the National Atlas of the United States of America, the Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America , and other sources. Other reservations have historically been associated with the state or are not currently recognized by the federal government.


 * Chehalis Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Olympic Peninsula Agency, Tribes: Chehalis
 * Columbia Reservation--Established: April 19, 1879. Allotted Land 25,172 acres Tribe: Moses's Band (Sinkiuse)
 * Colville Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Colville Agency, Tribes: Confederated Tribes
 * Hoh -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Olympic Peninsula Agency, Tribe: Hoh
 * Jamestown Reservation
 * Kalispel Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Spokane Agency, Tribe: Kalispel
 * Lower Elwha Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Olympic Peninsula Agency, Tribe: Clallam
 * Lummi Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Puget Sound Agency, Tribes: Lummi and Nooksack
 * Makah Reservation -- Federal, under the juisdiction of Olympic Peninsula Agency, Tribe: Makah
 * Muckleshoot Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Puget Sound Agency, Tribe: Muckleshoot
 * Nez Perce Reservation -- Part of this reservation historically was in Washington. See Indians of Idaho for additional information.
 * Nisqually Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Puget Sound Agency, Tribe Nisqually
 * Nooksack Reservation
 * Ozette Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Olympic Peninsula Agency, Tribe: Ozette
 * Port Gamble Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Puget Sound Agency, Tribe: Clallam
 * Port Madison Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Puget Sound Agency, Tribe: Suquamish
 * Puyallup Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Puget Sound Agency, Tribe Puyallup
 * Quileute Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Olympic Peninsula Agency, Tribe: Quileute
 * Quinault Reservation -- Federal. under the jurisdiction of Olympic Peninsula Agency, Tribe: Quinault
 * Sauk-Suiattle Reservation -- State, under the jurisdiction of Olympic Peninsula Agency, Tribe:
 * Shoalwater Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Olympic Peninsula Agency, Tribes: Quinault, Chinook, and Chehalis
 * Skokomish Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Olympic Peninsula Agency, Tribe: Skokomish
 * Spokane Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Spokane Agency, Tribe: Spokane
 * Squaxin Island Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Olympic Peninsula Agency, Tribe: Squaxin Island
 * Stillaguamish Reservation -- State, under the jurisdiction of Puget Sound Agency, Tribe:_____
 * Swinomish Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Puget Sound Agency, Tribe: Swinomish
 * Tulalip Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Puget Sound Agency, Tribe: Snohomish
 * Yakama Reservation -- Federal, under the jurisdiction of Yakima Agency, Tribe Fourteen Confederated Tribes from the Yakima Nation

Archives, Libraries, and Museums
Glenbow Archive, Library, and Museum

The Glenbow Archives and Library, has an excellent collection of resources for the study of Métis genealogy. Their sources cover predominantly Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and some parts of the Northwest Territories, Ontario, and British Columbia.

Most of our sources pertain to people who were living in the Prairie Provinces in 1900 or earlier.

One unique collection is the Gail Morin who donated her 40,000 name data base to the archive in 2011. The data base is ancestral quest format and all in families with sources.

Contact: Glenbow Archives 130 - 9 Avenue SE Calgary, Alberta T2G 0P3 Reference Desk telephone: 403-268-4204 Email: archives@glenbow.org

For Further Reading
See also American Indian For Further Reading.


 * Washington-Church Wiki page for a list of Missions
 * Washington-History Wiki page for a calendar of events
 * Washington-Military Wiki page for a list of forts
 * National Archives
 * Bureau of Indian Affairs
 * Washington State Tribal Directory