Step-by-Step Minnesota Research, 1850-1910

Minnesota Step-by-Step Research, 1850--1910 Step-by-Step Research, 1880-present Step-by-Step Research, 1850--1910

Step 1: Find out everything possible from living relatives and their family records.
Every good genealogy project starts with finding all the clues that can be gathered from living relatives — both from their memories and from documents or memorabilia in their homes.

What are the best questions to ask?
In order to extend research, ask for names, dates, and places. Everything about who a relative was and when and where they lived is a clue to a new record search. For ideas, see :
 * 50 Questions to Ask Relatives About Family History


 * Creating Oral Histories

What documents should be collected or copied?
Because these records cover names, dates, places, and relationships, they are a valuable source of clues. Look for them in your home, your parents' home, and ask living grandparents to check for them.

Step 2: Find ancestors in every possible census record, 1850-1950, online.
Example of a census record.
 * A census is a count and description of the population for a given date. A census took a "snapshot" of a family on a certain day.
 * For each person living in a household (depending on the year), their name, age, birthplace, relationship to head of household, place of birth for father and mother, citizenship status, year of immigration, mother of how many children and number of children living, native language, and whether they were a veteran of the military can be listed.
 * Searching for a family in census records every ten years can identify all the children in a family.
 * Searching in earlier census records to find someone as a child can identify parents.





Minnesota State Censuses


- For more information, see Minnesota Census and United States Census.

Step 3: Try to find additional details in death certificates, Social Security, obituary and cemetery records online.
When a person dies, several records will be created: death certificates, Social Security records, obituaries, and cemetery records.
 * Death certificates can give birth information for people born before actual birth registration began. Death certificates frequently give the birth date and place, parents' names, and birth places of parents.


 * The Social Security Death Index includes those who had a Social Security number and/or applied for benefits. The index entries give the person's full birth date, last known residence, and residence at the time they first enrolled.


 * The Social Security Applications and Claims Index provides information filed in the application or claims process, including valuable details such as birth date, birth place, and parents’ names.


 * Cemetery records can be as simple as the information on the headstone or, in some FindAGrave records, they can report more thorough information about birth, parents, spouses, children, and siblings.

Death Indexes

 * Online Minnesota Death Records &amp; Indexes
 * Index only.
 * Index only.
 * , index only.
 * MNHS Minnesota Death Certificates Index, 1904-2001 Index only.
 * Minnesota, Death Index, 1904-2001 Index only ($)
 * Index only.
 * Minnesota, Death Index, 1908-2002 ($)

Writing for Full Death Certificates
The full original certificate will contain information not contained in the index. Although it costs money, consider sending for the full original certificates, particularly for direct line ancestors (grandparents, great-grandparents, etc).
 * Where to Write for Minnesota Birth, Marriage, Death and Divorce Records

U.S. Social Security Records

 * The U.S. Social Security program began in 1935 but most deaths recorded in the index happened after 1962.
 * The Social Security Death index includes those who had a Social Security number and/or applied for benefits.
 * You can search these records online at
 * Also at Ancestry.com, ($), index.
 * The Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007 picks up where the Social Security Death Index (SSDI) leaves off, by providing information filed in the application or claims process.
 * The Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007 picks up where the Social Security Death Index (SSDI) leaves off, by providing information filed in the application or claims process.


 * If you find an ancestor in the SSDI index, you can order a copy of their original Social Security application (SS-5). If you can prove the individual has died (by sending an obituary or copy of their cemetery headstone), the application will also give the deceased's parents' names, if listed.

Obituaries

 * Online Minnesota Death Records &amp; Indexes, statewide and by county
 * Genealogy Buff - Obituary Library - Minnesota Genealogy Data
 * US Gen Web Archives Obituary Project
 * Dalby Database Obituaries
 * Fargo Forum Obituary Index, covers Northwestern Minnesota
 * ObitsArchive.com - Minnesota, ($), index

Cemeteries

 * Find-A-Grave
 * at FamilySearch - How to Use This Collection
 * U.S., Find A Grave Index, 1600s-Current at Ancestry
 * Billion Graves
 * at FamilySearch - How to Use This Collection
 * BillionGraves Index at Findmypast ($)
 * at FamilySearch – How to Use This Collection
 * Iron Range Research Center, Minnesota, Cemetery Index, 1900-1999 at Ancestry
 * Minnesota Cemetery Inscription Index, Select Counties at Ancestry ($)
 * Minnesota Cemetery Records at AccessGenealogy
 * Minnesota Cemetery Records at Interment
 * Minnesota Gravestone Photo Project at [Minnesota Gravestones
 * Minnesota Tombstone Transcription Project at USGenWeb Transcription Project
 * Online Minnesota Obituary and Cemetery Indexes at DeathIndexes

For more information, see Minnesota Obituaries and Minnesota Cemeteries.

Step 4: Search for county birth and marriage records online.
'''Vital records registration of births at the state level started in 1900, and marriage records were only kept at the county level. Counties also kept some earlier birth records. The starting dates of those records vary from county to county, depending on when the county was formed.'''

Online Records
Births Marriages
 * Minnesota, Births and christenings Index, 1840-1980 Index only ($)
 * Index only.
 * Images only.
 * MNHS Minnesota Birth Certificates Index, Pre-1900-1934 Index only.
 * Web: Minnesota, Birth Index, 1900-1934 Index only. ($)
 * Minnesota, Birth Index, 1900-1934, index ($)
 * Index only.
 * Minnesota Birth Index, 1935-2002 Index only ($)
 * Minnesota Official Marriage System
 * Index only.
 * Web: Minnesota, U.S., Marriages from the Minnesota Official Marriage System, 1850-2019 at Ancestry - index ($)
 * Minnesota, Marriages Index, 1849-1950 Index only ($)
 * Index and Images; Incomplete.
 * Index only.
 * Minnesota, Marriage Collection, 1958-2001 Index only ($)
 * Minnesota, Marriages, 1976 - 2003 Index only ($)

Records at the County Courthouse.
These records were originally created by county clerks, and then copies were sent to the state. County clerks can be willing to help find all the birth records for one family or perform other searches that the state would not do. To contact county clerks by e-mail or telephone, go to the Wiki article for each county. Links to the county Wiki articles are found at the end of this page or by clicking here: Minnesota Counties.

For more information on birth, marriage, and death records in Minnesota, see How to Find Minnesota Birth Records, How to Find Minnesota Marriage Records, and How to Find Minnesota Death Records.

Step 5: Search military records: World War I and II draft cards.
There are many different types of military records: draft records, enlistment records, service records, pension records, etc. Information in military records can vary from a simple lists of name, age, and residence, to more detailed records including name, residence, age, occupation, marital status, birthplace, physical description, number of dependents, pensions received, disabled veterans, needy veterans, widows or orphans of veterans, and other information. - Example of a World War I draft card.



Example of a World War II draft card and enlistment record.

'''Search the World War I and World War II Draft Collections for male relatives.
- For more information and additional collections, see Minnesota Military Records.
 * , index and images.
 * , index and images.

Step 6: Look for church records online.
Church records function as vital records. Church records are particularly helpful prior to the advent of civil registration.
 * An infant christening or baptism record documents a birth.
 * Many, if not most, people are married in a church, and then a record is created by the minister.
 * Likewise, ministers presided over funerals, then creating a burial record, which documents a death.

'''Example of a church baptism record. Notice that two dates are recorded. The first is the birth date, and the second is the christening/baptism date.'''



FamilySearch Indexes

 * 1798-1991 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection; Index only.  Incomplete.
 * 1840-1980 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection; Index only.  Incomplete.
 * 1849-1950 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection;Index only.  Incomplete.
 * 1835-1900 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection; Index only. Incomplete.

Ancestry.com Indexes

 * 1840-1980 Minnesota, Births and christenings Index, 1840-1980 Index only ($)
 * 1849-1950 Minnesota, Marriages Index, 1849-1950 Index only ($)
 * 1915-1917 New York, U.S., Frank S. Rowland Church Register, 1889-1917 at Ancestry - images ($)

Dutch Reformed

 * 1639-1989 U.S., Dutch Reformed Church Records in Selected States, 1639-1989, index and images, incomplete.($)
 * 1701-1995 U.S., Selected States Dutch Reformed Church Membership Records, 1701-1995, index and images, incomplete.($)
 * 1856-1970 U.S., Dutch Christian Reformed Church Vital Records, 1856-1970, index and images, incomplete.($)
 * 1856-1970 U.S., Dutch Christian Reformed Church Membership Records, 1856-1970, index and images, incomplete.($)

Lutheran

 * 1781-1969 - U.S., Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Church Records, 1781-1969, index and images, incomplete.($)
 * 1800-1947 U.S., Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Swedish American Church Records, 1800-1947, index and images, incomplete.($)

Presbyterian

 * 1701-1970 U.S., Presbyterian Church Records, 1701-1970, index and images, incomplete.($)

Quaker (Society of Friends)

 * Quaker records : Wisconsin, Minnesota and South Dakota Monthly Meetings, e-book, incomplete.

Other Collections

 * 1856-1913 Early Minnesota church records, 1856-1913, e-book. Incomplete


 * For help with church records kept in Minnesota, see Minnesota Church Records.
 * To search records by denomination, if you know your ancestors religion, go to Searching for Church Records by Denomination.

Step 7: Search for online wills and probate packets.

 * County probate records include '''probate proceedings, petitions, affidavits, orders for sales, reports of sales, administrators' and executors' bonds, guardianship papers, wills, and letters of administration.
 * In a will book, usually just a transcription of the will is recorded. But all of these other records are kept in a probate packet.
 * Administrations are probate proceedings that handled an estate if no known will existed.



Search these indexes and images for probate records.

 * United States Wills and Deeds Experimental Search: Minnesota
 * Minnesota, Wills and Probate Records, 1801-1925, ($), index and images, incomplete.
 * Index only.

Probate Information in County Wiki Articles
Each Minnesota county Research Wiki page lists additional probate sources, including where to write for records: Minnesota Counties

For more information, see Minnesota Probate Records and United States Probate Records.

Step 8: If any ancestor was an immigrant, search immigration and naturalization records online.
The census records may show that an ancestor was born in another country. It will be necessary to try to find the town or city they were born in to continue research in the country of origin. Searches of immigration records (usually passenger lists) and naturalization (citizenship) records would be the next step. There is a full-length original naturalization record that this index reports.  Clicking on the URL gives a link to ordering this original.



Minnesota Immigration Records

 * United States Immigration Online Genealogy Records
 * Index of Wagon Train Emigrants From Minnesota to Montana.
 * Web: Minnesota, Alien Registration Index, 1918, index ($). Also available at Iron Range Research Center, Minnesota Discovery Center, index, no charge.
 * — index and images

Minnesota Naturalization and Citizenship Online Records

 * Minnesota Naturalization Records Index, 1854-1957 Index only. ($)
 * Minnesota, Federal Naturalization Records, 1880-1920, index & images ($).
 * index only.
 * Minnesota Naturalization Records Index, 1930-1988 ($)
 * Minnesota Naturalization Records Index, 1930-1988 ($)
 * Iron Range Research Center Naturalization Records Index only. Select Naturalization Record under Record type.
 * Iron Range Research Center Alien Registrations 1918 Index only. Select Alien Registrations 1918 under Record type.

Step 9: Search land records online.
These records will give the They can contain clues to
 * names of the buyer (grantee) and seller (grantor),
 * previous or new residence of the parties to the deed
 * the date they obtained the land,
 * the description of exact location of the land, sometimes mentioning neighbors.
 * family members who shared ownership of the land,
 * sold or gave land to a child, or
 * officially witnessed the sale.

Search for any ancestor's land records.

 * United States Wills and Deeds Experimental Search: Minnesota
 * Pre-1908 Minnesota, Homestead and Cash Entry Patents, Pre-1908 at Ancestry - index ($)
 * Pre-1908 Pre-1908 Minnesota Land Records at MyHeritage - index ($)
 * 1788-1960s U.S. Land Patent Search at Bureau of Land Management, index and some records
 * 1820-1908 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection; images only
 * 1861-1932 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection, images
 * 1863-1908 U.S., Homestead Records, 1863-1908 at Ancestry - index and images ($)
 * Survey Plats and Field Notes at Bureau of Land Management - index
 * Land Owner Search at Historygeo.com ($), index to maps of original land owners

For more information, see Minnesota Land and Property and United States Land and Property.

Local histories

 * Published histories of towns, counties, and states usually contain biographies and accounts of early or prominent families.
 * Here are several websites that feature online copies of printed county histories:
 * Hathi Trust Digital Library. Don't use the keywords Minnesota; that will bring up too many hits. Just use the name of the county and "county": for example, "Hyde County"
 * Google Books. Use keywords "Minnesota" and the county name. Hits will list online readable books, lists of libraries that carry the book, and purchasing opportunities.
 * Family History Books
 * Internet Archive.Use keywords "Minnesota" and the county name.
 * Genealogy Book Links, Minnesota. Browse list; county histories are interspersed.
 * Ancestry.com, ($). In the Card Catalog search box, use Minnesota and the name of the county.


 * Local histories are extensively collected by the FamilySearch Library, public and university libraries, and state and local historical societies. If you have access to the FamilySearch Library or a FamilySearch center, you can find out about local histories the library has by checking the FamilySearch Catalog. In the "place" field, type the name of your county and select it from the drop down list, then click "Search". A list of subheadings for the county will appear. Local histories containing genealogies and biographies will be found under Biography, Genealogy, History, and History - Indexes.

Biographies
These collections of biographies can be searched online. Most have a table of contents and an index. Or use the "Find" function on a computer.
 * Minnesota's Early Explorers ($)
 * Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. 1 ($)
 * Frank O'Brien, Minnesota Pioneer Sketches ($)
 * Minnesota History and Biography, 1915 ($)
 * Minnesota biographies, 1655-1912, Vol. 14 compiled by Warren Upham, e-book
 * Compendium of history and biography of central and northern Minnesota, containing a history of the state of Minnesota ... also ... biographical sketches of hundreds of prominent old settlers and representative citizens of central and northern Minnesota, e-book
 * Encyclopedia of biography of Minnesota : illustrated with steel plate and copper plate engravings.1999 e-book
 * Encyclopedia of biography of Minnesota. History of Minnesota by C.E. Flandrau. v. 1., 1900 e-book
 * Memorial record of southwestern Minnesota. e-book
 * Who's who among Minnesota women; a history of woman's work in Minnesota from pioneer days to date e-book
 * The book of Minnesotans; a biographical dictionary of leading living men of the state of Minnesota e-book

Step 11: Contact a local historical or genealogical society.
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 * Historical societies have collections that are frequently little known and often overlooked.
 * Many have a surname file, where they have collected genealogies, newspaper clippings, old photographs, etc.
 * Many have a sort of "pioneer ancestor" program, where people can submit pedigrees to prove they are the descendants of an early resident of the area.
 * Most keep track of queries about families that once lived in the area from other distant relatives who may actually have more family memorabilia.
 * Most keep track of queries about families that once lived in the area from other distant relatives who may actually have more family memorabilia.


 * Find the society on the internet, and they may list their holdings. Or call them on the phone, find out what they have, and find out what arrangements can be made to search their collection. Frequently, one of their members can be hired to search the collection for you.

This online directory by GenealogyInc. lists historical and genealogical societies by county: Click on the map to select a county, then scroll down to the historical or genealogical society listings. Here is an example of an internet website for a local genealogical society.

Historical Images
Records collected and digitized by FamilySearch can all be found through their Historical Images feature.
 * Minnesota, United States Historical Images, New Version
 * Minnesota, United States Historical Images, Old Version

Minnesota Online Genealogy Records
Search any other online records listed in Minnesota Online Genealogy Records. The steps given here are intended to list record sources which can most efficiently identify descendants. Many other online records which might or might not mention descendants are listed in the Minnesota Online Genealogy Records page, including immigration records, land records, military records, newspapers, and probate records, and others. These can be records that cover a smaller group within the population, such as men who served in the military, etc.
 * Minnesota Online Genealogy Records

Step 13: Study the Research Wiki pages for any county in Minnesota.
This article focused more on Minnesota state or state-wide records. There is a separate Wiki article for each county in Minnesota. These articles give information, office addresses, and links to county records.