Sweden Personal Names

Understanding surnames and given names can help you find and identify your ancestors in the records.

Surnames
Before record keeping began, most people had only one name, such as Johan. As the population increased, it became necessary to distinguish between individuals with the same name. The problem was usually solved by adding descriptive information. Johan became Johan the smith, Johan the son of Erik, Johan the short, or Johan from Borås. At first, such "surnames" applied only to one person and not to the whole family. After a few generations, these names were passed from father to children.

Surnames developed from four major sources:


 * Patronymic, based on the father's name, such as Johan Nilsson (son of Nils).
 * Nicknames, based on a person's characteristics, such as Pehr Fager (beautiful).
 * Geographical, based on a person's place of birth or residence, such as Olof Grankulla.
 * Occupational, based on the person's trade, such as Lars Smed (Smith).

Surnames were first used by nobility and wealthy land owners. Later the custom was followed by merchants and townspeople and eventually by the rural population.

Most Swedish surnames are patronymic. Patronymic surnames changed with each generation. For example, Lars Pettersson was the son of a man named Petter. If Lars had a son named Hans, the son would be known as Hans Larsson (son of Lars). His brothers would be called Larsson, while a sister would be known as Larsdotter (daughter of Lars). When people used patronymics, a woman did not change her name at marriage.

When a young man went into the military he was given a new surname. This name could be based on his characteristics, such as Stark (strong) or Modig (brave), or the place where he was stationed. If the place was called Lillebäck, he may have been called Bäck. Before the late 1800s, a military surname seldom became a family name. Later, when family names were more common and sometimes when people emigrated from Sweden, the military name became the family surname.

When a young man became an apprentice to learn a trade, he would choose an additional surname.

The clergy and other learned men often "Latinized" their names. Thus Eric Karlsson became Ericus Caroli.

In 1901 a law required people to adopt permanent surnames to be passed onto successive generations.

Given Names
The earliest known Swedish names appear about 55 A. D. on some 2000 Runic stones scattered around the kingdom. Usually the given names were given to describe a quality or characteristic, or resemble an occurrence or occasion that was desired in the life of the born babe, such as Ragnvald, which means, “He who is mighty with power.”

At the turn of the first millennium of the Christian era, all of Sweden was Christianized, and a conscious effort was undertaken by the clergy to substitute the names of the Christian saints for the old Swedish names. Thus the apostolic names of Peter, Andrew, John, and Paul took on their present day form of:

Petrus, Peter, Peder, Pehr, Pär, Per, Petter Andreas , Anders, Andres, Andors  Johannes , Johan, Jan, Jaen, Jean, Joen, Jon Jöns, Jonas  Paulus , Paul, Påfvel, Påfwel, Pål, Påhl, Povel

Some of the more common given names used in Sweden during the last four centuries are listed below:

MALE NAMES

Alf Esbjörn Jörgen Påvel Algot Eskil Jan Pär Ambjörn Frenne Karl Sibbe Amund Fridmund Klas Sigmund Anders Germund Knut Sjunne Andreas Gudmund Lars Sone Arne Gumme Lennart Staffan Arnvald Gunnar Magnus Stefan Arvi Gunne Matts Sten Asmund Gustaf Matthias Sture Assar Göran Måns Sune Astrad Gösta Mårten Svante Axel Halvar Nicolaus Sven Bengt Hans Niklas Svenning Björn Harald Nils Sören Björnvid Helge Olaus Tomas Bo Henning Ola Tore Bodel Hemming Olof Torkil Bror Håkan Oscar Torsten Bryngel Inge Otto Trued Börje Ingemar Paul Tue Christer Isak Per Tuve Carl Ivar Peter Truls Enevald Jeppe Petrus Wollmar Erik Johan Povel Åke Ernst Jöns Pål Osten

FEMALE NAMES

Anna Elna Katarina Mathilda Bengta Elsa Kerstin Metta Birgitta Gertrud Kristina Märeta Bodil Greta Lisa Nilla Boel Gunnil Lisken Olu Brita Gunnela Lotta Olug Borta Hanna Lotten Pernilla Cecilia Helena Lovisa Petronella Christina Ingeborg Maja Rangela Cissela Ingegerd Malena Sigrid Dordi Inger Margareta Sissa Dorotea Ingrid Margit Sissela Elena Johanna Marit Sofia Elisabet Karin Marna Stina Ella Karna Marta Troen

INTERCHANGEABLE FIRST NAMES

In Sweden, it is not uncommon to call a person by an affectionate form of the given name, for example, (William-Bill). This may be confusing in research, where for example someone may be called Kjerstin in the birth record, but later is called Stina in another record. It really is not much of a problem, once we have learned to recognize these names. Some of the more common names are listed below:

Males

Anders Hans Per Andreas Hasse Peder Johan Lars Pehr Jaen Lasse Pelle Jan Magnus Peter Janne Måns Pelle Jean Nils Petrus Joen Nicolaus Petter Johannes Niklas Päder John Olof Pähr Jon Ola Pär Jonas OllePål Jöns Oluf Povel, Pofwel, Paul

Females

Anna Elisabet Karin  Annicka Elisa Cajsa Anika Lisa Kajsa Catrina Lisbet Katrina Cajsa Lisken Cajsa Kajsa Louise Kajsa Christina Lovisa Kristina Stina Eljena Stina Charlotta Elna Magdalena Lotta Helena Lena Lotten Elin Maja Cherstin Ellen Margareta Christa Lena Greta Stina Johanna Maria Hanna Maja

When baptized, children were usually given one or two given names. The name may be that of a parent or other relative.

Some good books on names are:


 * Kjöllerström, P. A. (Per August). Svenska dopnamn och släktnamn (Swedish Given Names and Surnames). Stockholm, Sweden: Wahlström &amp; Widstrand, 1913. (FHL films 1440226 item 14.)


 * Otterbjörk, Roland. Svenska förnamn: krotfattat namnlexikon (Swedish Given Names: A Brief Dictionary of Names). Stockholm, Sweden: Esselte Studium, 1979. (FHL book 948.5 D4o.)

For Swedish Naming Practices click here