Apache Indians



See also Indians of Arizona To get started in American Indian Research

The Apache Tribe is primarily associated with Spanish Southwest and the states of Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma. See the Bands and Groups below for at least a partial listing of federally-recognized the subdivisions of the tribe, with their locations and reservations. It is important to search for information in all of the possible jurisdictions.

Linguistic Group: Athabascan

Cultural Group: Plains

Ancestral Homeland: Texas, Arizona and Mexico

Leaders: Cochise, Geronimo, Victorio
Apache Eastern: Lipan, Jicarilla, Mescalero, Chiricahua,and Kiowa Apache.

Apache Western: Chiricahua, Tonto, Pinal, Coyotero, Arivaipa, San Carlos,and White Mountain Apache

Population: 1990: 30,000

Tribal Headquarters
There is no single tribal headquarters for all parts of the Apache Indian Tribe in the United States. Each part of the tribe has their own tribal offices and headquarters. For information on those offices, see the individual pages for each part of the tribe.

Yavapai-Apache Nation, Arizona (Tribe) White Mountain Apache Tribe, Arizona (Tribe) San Carlos Apache Reservation, Arizona (Tribe)

The individual Apache Tribes have the following websites"

Nnee-San Carlos Apache Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation Mescalero Nation White Mountain Apache Tribe Chiricahua Apache Nde Nation Jicarilla Apache Nation Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas Yavapai Prescott Indian Tribe Yavapai-Apache Nation Tonto Apache Tribe

History
The Apache could not be suppressed by the Spanish or the Mexicans.

Brief Timeline

 * 1540: Francisdo Vasquez de Coronado's expedition
 * 1786: Presidio Ration Program, the Spanish distributed food and alcohol free to all Apache
 * 1835: Sonora post reward for Apache scalps
 * 1841: Jiarilla Apache deprived of land by a Mexican land grant
 * 1846: homeland became New Mexico Territory
 * 1848: Apache land ceded by Mexico to the United States
 * 1852 July 1, Treaty at Santa Fe
 * 1853 July 27, Treaty at Fort Atkinson, with the Comanche and Kiowa
 * 1861: The Chiricahuz under leadership of Cochise went to war with the United States
 * The Coyotero and Lipan were nearly exterminated
 * 1861: Cochise mistakenly arrested, beginning the Apache Wars
 * 1863: The Mescalero surrendered
 * 1863: Treaty
 * 1864: The Territorial Legislature of Arizona passed a resolution legalizing the killing of all Apache people.
 * 1865 October 14, with the Cheyenne and Arapaho
 * 1865 October 17, with the Cheyenne and Arapaho
 * 1867] October 21, at Council Camp with the Kiowa andComanche
 * 1868: Jicarilla surrendered
 * 1870: Reservations established
 * 1871: White Mountain Reservation
 * 1871: Tularosa Reservation - Mimbreno Apache
 * 1871: 125 Aravaipa killed at Camp Grant
 * 1872: Cochise and the Chiricahua made peace with the United States. A number of Chiricahua led by Geronimo rejected peeace and left the reservations to raid.
 * 1873: Mescalero Reservation is established
 * 1874: Cochise dies
 * 1875: Tonto Apache moved to San Carlos Apache Reservation
 * 1875: Yavapai Apache(1,000) settle on the San Carlos Reservation
 * 1876-1877: Chiricahua Apache Indians removed to San Carlos Agency
 * 1877: Removval of Geronimo's band of Chiricahua Apache Indians from Ojo Caliente, New Mexico Territory, to the San Carlos Indian Agency, Arizona Territory.
 * 1877: Mimbreno Apache forced to move to San Carlos Reservation
 * 1886: Geronimo surrendered
 * 1887: a group of children sent to Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania
 * 1887: Jicarilla Reservation established
 * 1890's: Government mission schools established
 * 1897: White Mountain Reservation is divided into Fort Apache and San Carlos Reservations
 * 1903: Fort McDowell Reservation - Yavapai Apache
 * 1907: Jicarilla Reservation enlarged
 * 1913: Chiricahua Apache resettle on Mescalero Reservation
 * 1914: land near Camp Verde, Arizona is reserved for the Yavapai and Tonto Apache
 * 1937: Jicarilla Apache - constitution
 * 1938: White Mountain Apache - constitution

Additional References to the History of the Tribe and/or Bands
Frederick Webb Hodge, in his Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, gave a more complete history of the Apache tribe, with estimations of the population of the tribe at various time periods.

Reservations

 * Mescalero Reservation
 * White Mountain Apache Tribe, Arizona (Reservation)
 * Tularosa Reservation
 * San Carlos Apache Reservation, Arizona (Reservation)
 * Tonto Apache Tribe, Arizona (Reservation)
 * New Mexico: Fort Sill
 * Oklahoma: Anadarko
 * Apache/Kiowa - Federal Trust land
 * Apache/Mojave/Yavapai - Fort McDowell
 * Apache/Yavapai - Camp Verde
 * Arapaho/ Shoshone - Wind River

Bands and Groups of the Tribe and Their Reservations
Apache Tribe of Oklahoma

Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma

Jicarilla Apache Nation, New Mexico (formerly Jicarilla Apache Tribe) -- Jicarilla Apache Reservation

Mescalero Apache Tribe -- Mescalero Reservation (New Mexico)

San Carlos Apache Tribe -- San Carlos Reservation (Arizona)

Tonto Apache Tribe of Arizona

White Mountain Apache Tribe -- Fort Apache Reservation (Arizona)

Yavapai-Apache Nation, Arizona (Tribe)

Agency
San Carlos Agency

Correspondence and Census

 * Agency records, 1892-1947 United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Kiowa Agency
 * Census, birth and death records, 1932-1937 United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Phoenix Agency
 * Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache obituaries Deveney, Sam
 * Index to Sam Devenney's Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache obituaries, with death dates Follett, Paul, 1958-
 * The Fort Sill Apaches : their vital statistics, tribal origins, antecdents Griswold, Gillett
 * Indian census rolls, Camp McDowell, 1905-1909 and 1911-1912 United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs
 * Indian census rolls, Camp Verde, 1915-1927 United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs
 * Indian census rolls, Fort Apache, 1898-1939 United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs
 * Kiowa Indian census, 1904-1915 United States. Office of Indian Affairs. Kiowa Agency
 * Kiowa, Comanche, Apache &amp; Ft. Sill Apache Indian census at Kiowa Agency, Oklahoma Territory, 1926-1936 United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Kiowa Agency
 * Kiowa, Comanche, Apache &amp; Ft. Sill Apache Indian vital records at Kiowa Agency, Oklahoma Territory, 1924-1937 United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs
 * Kiowa, Comanche, Apache, Fort Sill Apache, Wichita, Caddo and Delaware Indians: birth and death rolls, 1924-1932 Bowen, Jeff, 1950-
 * Miscellaneous census records, 1904-1942 United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Fort Apache Agency
 * Rolls of Indian tribes in Oklahoma 1889-1891: Absentee Shawnee (Big Jim's Band), Cheyenne and Arapahoe [sic], Iowa, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Comanche and Apache, Otoe [sic] and Missouria [sic], Pawnee, Ponca, Pottawatomie [sic], Citizen Pottawatomie [sic] (Big Jim's Band), Sac [sic] and Fox Johnson, Emily
 * So lingers memory : inventories of Fort Sill, OK, cemeteries--Main Post, Apache Indian, Old Fort Reno, Comanche Indian and Comanche Mission Cemeteries, 1869-1985 Murphy, Polly Lewis, 1915-1993
 * Apache mothers and daughters: four generations of a family Boyer, Ruth McDonald
 * Apache genealogical research: a beginners guide Stout, Terri Lynn
 * The Tumacacori census of 1796 Whiting, Alfred F
 * Apache, Caddo, Kiowa &amp; Wichita Indian: census rolls Indian Territory 1900-1904 Millican, Valorie

Treaties

 * 1852 July 1, at Santa Fe
 * 1853 July 27, at Fort Atkinson, with the Comanche and Kiowa
 * 1865 October 14, with the Cheyenne and Arapaho
 * 1865 October 17, with the Cheyenne and Arapaho
 * 1867 October 21, at Council Camp with the Kiowa andComanche

Vital Records

 * Kiowa Agency, M595, Births and Deaths 1924-1932,, 1930-1936
 * Truxton Canon Agency, M595, Births and Deaths 1924-1939,
 * Jicarilla Agency, M595, Births and Deaths 1924-1929,
 * Fort Sill Apache item 8

Important Web Sites

 * Constitution and By-laws of the Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
 * Constitution and By-laws of the Yavapai-Apache Nation
 * White Mountain Apache Tribe Official Website

Apache

 * Carlson, Paul H. The Plains Indians. College Station, Texas: Texas A&amp;M University Press, c1998. FHL book
 * Goodin, Kenneth, Alphabetical inventories of Indian cemeteries in Comanche County, Oklahoma '
 * Edmunds, R. David. American Indian Leaders: Studies in Diversity. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980.
 * Bourke, John Gregory. An Apache Campaign in the Sierra Madre; An Account of the Expedition in Pursuit of the Hostile Chiricahua Apaches in the Spring of 1883. New York: Scribner, 1958.
 * Forbes, Jack D. Apache, Navaho, and Spaniard. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960.
 * Doherty, Craig A., and Katherine M. Doherty. The Apaches and Navajos. New York: F. Watts, 1989.
 * Capes-Altom, Mila, Beneath his wings : Indian cemeteries in Anadarko, Oklahoma.
 * Stringfield, Thomas. Captured by the Apaches; Forty Years with This Savage Band of Indians. Hamilton, Texas: Herald print, 1911.
 * Thomas, Alfred Barnaby. Forgotten Frontiers; A Study of the Spanish Indian Policy of Don Juan Bautista De Anza, Governor of New Mexico, 1777-1787; from the Original Documents in the Archives of Spain, Mexico and New Mexico. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1932.
 * Colvin, Verna Rae. The Garden and How It Grew: Eden, 1881-1981. Eden, Ariz: V.R. Colvin, 1981.
 * Goodin, Barbara. Indian Research and History: With Biographies, Book Reviews &amp; Cemeteries. Lawton, Okla: B. Goodin, 2009.

General

 * Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives; Record Group 75, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
 * Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1906 Available online.
 * Klein, Barry T., ed. Reference Encyclopedia of the American Indian. Nyack, New York: Todd Publications, 2009. 10th ed. WorldCat 317923332;.
 * Malinowski, Sharon and Sheets, Anna, eds. The Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. Detroit: Gale Publishing, 1998. 4 volumes. Includes: Lists of Federally Recognized Tribes for U.S., Alaska, and Canada – pp. 513-529 Alphabetical Listing of Tribes, with reference to volume and page in this series Map of “Historic Locations of U.S. Native Groups” Map of “Historic Locations of Canadian Native Groups” Map of “Historic Locations of Mexican, Hawaiian and Caribbean Native Groups” Maps of “State and Federally Recognized U.S. Indian Reservations. WorldCat 37475188;.


 * Vol. 1 -- Northeast, Southeast, Caribbean
 * Vol. 2 -- Great Basin, Southwest, Middle America
 * Vol. 3 -- Arctic, Subarctic, Great Plains, Plateau
 * Vol. 4 -- California, Pacific Northwest, Pacific Islands


 * Sturtevant, William C. Handbook of North American Indians. 20 vols., some not yet published. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978–.


 * Volume 1 -- Not yet published
 * Volume 2 -- Indians in Contemporary Society (pub. 2008) -- WorldCat 234303751
 * Volume 3 -- Environment, Origins, and Population (pub. 2006) -- WorldCat 255572371
 * Volume 4 -- History of Indian-White Relations (pub. 1988) -- WorldCat 19331914;.
 * Volume 5 -- Arctic (pub. 1984) -- WorldCat 299653808;.
 * Volume 6 -- Subarctic (pub. 1981) -- WorldCat 247493742;.
 * Volume 7 -- Northwest Coast (pub. 1990) -- WorldCat 247493311
 * Volume 8 -- California (pub. 1978) -- WorldCat 13240086;.
 * Volume 9 -- Southwest (pub. 1979) -- WorldCat 26140053;.
 * Volume 10 -- Southwest (pub. 1983) -- WorldCat 301504096;.
 * Volume 11 -- Great Basin (pub. 1986) -- WorldCat 256516416;.
 * Volume 12 -- Plateau (pub. 1998) -- WorldCat 39401371;.
 * Volume 13 -- Plains, 2 vols. (pub. 2001) -- WorldCat 48209643
 * Volume 14 -- Southeast (pub. 2004) -- WorldCat 254277176
 * Volume 15 -- Northwest (pub. 1978) -- WorldCat 356517503;.
 * Volume 16 -- Not yet published
 * Volume 17 -- Languages (pub. 1996) -- WorldCat 43957746
 * Volume 18 -- Not yet published
 * Volume 19 -- Not yet published
 * Volume 20 -- Not yet published


 * Swanton John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 Available online.
 * Waldman, Carl. Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. New York, New York: Facts on File, 2006. 3rd ed. WorldCat 14718193;.