Wind River Indian Reservation (Wyoming)

The Wind River Indian Reservation is a federally-recognized reservation, located in west-central (Fremont and Hot Springs Counties) Wyoming.


 * Established -- 1868
 * Agency (BIA) -- Wind River Indian Agency located at Fort Washakie, Wyoming
 * Principal tribes -- Northern Arapaho and Eastern Shoshone
 * Population -- 5,759 according to the 2010 census for the settlements in the southern portion of the Reservation. However, it is over 6,000 when including the areas in the southern portion of the Reservation which are not a part of the Indian settlements in the southern portion of the Reservation. Indians make up nearly 90% of the population in the southern portion of the Reservation. For the entire Reservation (that includes the northern portion), it is 7,798 Arapaho and Shoshone but 8,807 when including mixed bloods (2010 census). Total Reservation population is 26,490 (2010 census) 1969: Tribal enrollment 4,594

History
In 1868, the war being fought in northeastern Wyoming, southeastern Montana, southern Idaho, southwestern Montana, and western Wyoming was negotiated to a peaceful end. In southern Idaho, southwestern Montana, and western Wyoming, the war is known as the Snake River War. In northeastern Wyoming and southeastern Montana, it is known as Red Clouds War. Both conflicts were the same war. On July 3, 1868 a treaty was signed which ended the Snake River War and established the Wind River Reservation. The Shoshone settled down to live on the large Reservation. The Shoshone are really Chippewas. Click this link http://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_Ottawa_and_Chippewa_India.html?id=bX8CAAAAYAAJ to read Andrew Blackbirds 1887 book "History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan." On pages 89 and 90, Blackbird wrote that the Chippewa or Anishinabe Language, was extensively spoken among the Shoshone. The Arapaho continued to fight the invading whites up to 1878, when they were forced to relocate to the Wind River Reservation.

Originally, the Reservation was considerably larger but the United States refused to honor treaty agreements. Through srupulous dealings, the United States used Reservation leaders to reduce the size of the large Reservation. Arapaho leaders strongly opposed ceding Reservation land, while Ute leaders fell easy to the land acts. The land cession agreement of 1904 led to the Arapaho murdering leader George Terry, who signed the land cession agreement.

The August 15, 1906 Land Act
On August 15, 1906, by President Roosevelts Proclamation, Wind River Reservation lost 1.5 million acres. To this day, leaders of Wind River Reservation claim they did not cede the 1.5 million acres. And present day maps confirm that the United States agrees. The 1.5 million acres is located north of Big Wind River or Wind River. All Indian settlements are located within the 1,200 sq. mi. or 768,000 acres that remained after the 1.5 million acres was illegally ceded. It is south of Big Wind River or Wind River. Riverton is located within the 1.5 million acres that was illegally ceded.

Once Chippewa leaders learned about the loss of their Reservation, they reacted by following prophecy. They always had the tendecy to follow prophecy. Commencing in the spring or early summer of 1906, they commenced an exodus off the Reservation. They were going back to Montana. To understand this we have to research the events that happened in 1896.

The 1896 Great Falls Deportations
In June of 1896, the United States forced several thousand Chippewas living in the Great Falls, Montana region and north central Montana, to leave for other locations. Many were sent to Alberta and Saskatchewan, while most were sent to the Blackfeet Reservation and Flathead Reservation. Many were also sent to Leech Lake Reservation and Red Lake Reservation in Minnesota, and Bad River Reservation and Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation in Wisconsin. And many were sent to the Wind River Reservation of Wyoming.

In newspapers, they referred to the Chippewas being relocated or deported, as being Cree. The whites did that as a result of the Seven Fires Prophecy. The Cree are the northern Chippewa people known as the Muskegowalk which means Swamp or Swampy People. In 1896, the Great Falls region and the rest of north central Montana, still had a very large Chippewa population. Thus, the reason why the United States relocated them.

Creation of the Chippewa Hot Springs Reservation
In 1896, Indian Inspector James McLaughlin negotiated an agreement with leaders of the Shoshone Reservation (they changed the name to Wind River Reservation in the 1930s) in which they supposedly agreed to set aside about 100 sq. mi. to be a park or Reservation. Shoshone Reservation leaders were eager to have land set aside to be either a park or Reservation, especially since they knew it was land they would continue to control.

However, the United States did not honor the agreements. Instead, the United States supposedly refused to accept the land. Frank Mondell, who was a Wyoming congressman at the time, made a proposal without consulting with Shoshone Reservation leaders, in which the federal government would buy the land. He proposed that 1 sq. mi. would become Hot Springs State Park and the remaining 99 sq. mi. would be opened to white settlement.

What they are not telling you about that suspicious agreement, deals with the Little Shell Chippewas of Montana who were relocated in 1896. Shoshone Reservation leaders were eager to allow the Chippewas to settle in the northern part of the Shoshone Reservation. It was better to have Indians settle there than whites. Up to 2,000 Chippewas from Montana, moved to the Shoshone Reservation in 1896. They settled in the northern part of the Reservation where the 1.5 million acres is.

The 1906 Exodus
In the summer of 1906, the Chippewas became very alarmed after learning that their Reservation was illegally ceded on August 15, 1906. They killed George Terry for deception or fraud. Chippewa leaders then commenced to gather those Chippewas who wanted to leave the Reservation, for an exodus back to Montana. Historians refer to this event as the 1906 Ute Exodus. However, it was the Chippewas who left the Shoshone Reservation. Nearly 1,000 left on the exodus. It alarmed the whites of Wyoming which then caused governor Brooks of Wyoming to request for federal support on August 25, 1906.

In northeastern Wyoming, a detachment of American soldiers had stopped the Chippewas on October 22, 1906, then negotiations followed which did not work. Chippewa leaders told the American representatives they were going to the Black Hills. The Black Hills of Montana. Not the so called Black Hills of South Dakota. More American soldiers were instructed to leave Fort Keough (Miles City, Montana) to stop the Chippewas if they continued to move into southeastern Montana.

On November 2, 1906, the Chippewas were stopped again in southeastern Montana. Negotiations were again carried out. This time Chippewa leaders agreed to the American demands that they turn around and go to Fort Meade in South Dakota. A promised Reservation within the Cheyenne River-Standing Rock Reservation enticed them. To read about these events click this link http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;ved=0CCAQFjAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdshspress.com%2Findex.php%3F%26id%3D1547%26sub_action%3D1%26mmgzwwjn%3Dmmgzwwjn%26action%3D960&amp;ei=6BEUVOL-CpPC8gHGmYDYDQ&amp;usg=AFQjCNFCS8VF5bIZaycuQVpDfYmR-hmMaQ&amp;sig2=ko3IEpRhFnY6CD_a0XZ6TQ&amp;bvm=bv.75097201,d.b2U.

You will notice that Wyoming stands out. That's because of Shoshone Reservation. The northern portion of the Shoshone Reservation (1.5 million acres) was illegally ceded on August 15, 1906. You will also notice that the Chippewas were stopped in Montana. It was about losing their Reservation they shared with the other Indians of Shoshone Reservation which is now known as Wind River Reservation. The Uintah-Ouray Reservation had problems but they are covering up the fact.

Those Chippewas who stayed at the Shoshone Reservation, moved south to the southern portion of the Shoshone Reservation. Thus, the reason why the Algonquin's make up 70% of the Reservations Indian population. The Utes make up 30% of the Reservations Indian population. In 1902, it was 50% for each people. Very few Indians live in the northern portion of the Wind River Reservation. Click this link http://www.anishinabe-history.com/reservations/wind-river-open.jpg to view the map of the northern portion of the Wind River Reservation which was illegally ceded on August 15, 1906. It is the Reservation leaders of Shoshone Reservation agreed to share with the Chippewas. It is the Chippewa Reservation illegally ceded on August 15, 1906. It is the Chippewa Reservation that is recognized as being a part of the present day Wind River Reservation.

Communities
There are several Indian communities located throughout the southern portion of the Reservation. There are no Indian communities in the northern portion of the Reservation. There are many small areas where housing units are located and not connected to the major settlements but are classified as being a part of the major settlements. Reservation leaders need to address that problem. Assign each community listed below (not connected to the major settlements) their own city or village name and city or village limits. Place hydroponic farms (greenhouse farms) within each community. It will offer employment and business opportunities.

Start fishing and hunting societies which follow State and federal laws. Find suitable locations in the mountains in the southern portion of the Reservation, to build new settlements. To use as little land as possible for settlements, build the new settlements with a circle shaped street design or a C shaped street design. You don't want all available land for settlements, looking like the Los Angeles region. We have to share this world with wildlife.


 * Arapahoe: According to the 2010 census, the population of Arapahoe is 1,656. Arapahoe covers 27.8 sq. mi. That is a large area Reservation leaders have to address.
 * Little Shield: It is a part of Arapahoe. However, it is 4.3 miles to the northeast of the main part of Arapahoe. It's population is included with that of Arapahoes.
 * North Arapahoe: It is a part of Arapahoe. However, it is 1.9 miles to the north of the main part of Arapahoe. It's population is included with that of Arapahoes.
 * St. Stevens: It is a part of Arapahoe. However, it is 3.9 miles to the northeast of the main part of Arapahoe. It's population is included with that of Arapahoes.
 * Ethete: According to the 2010 census, the population of Ethete is 1,553. Ethete covers 32.5 sq. mi. That is a large area Reservation leaders have to address.
 * Chief Friday: It is a part of Ethete. However, it is located 1.2 miles to the south of the main part of Ethete. It's population is included with that of Ethete's.
 * Trosper: It is a part of Ethete. However, it is located 3.6 miles to the southeast of Ethete. It's population is included with that of Ethetes.
 * White Hawk: It is a part of Ethete. However, it is located 3.2 miles to the southeast of Ethete. It's population is included with that of Ethete's.
 * Yellow Calf: It is a part of Ethete. However, it is located 2.5 miles to the east of the main part of Ethete. It's population is included with that of Ethete's.
 * Fort Washakie: According to the 2010 census, the population of Fort Washakie is 1,759. Fort Washakie covers 20.9 sq. mi. That is a large area Reservation leaders have to address.
 * Noseep: It is a part of Fort Washakie. However, it is located 2.5 miles to the northwest of Fort Washakie. It's population is included with that of Fort Washakie's.
 * Boulder Flats: According to the 2010 census, the population of Boulder Flats is 408. Boulder Flats covers 18.2 sq. mi. That is a large area Reservation leaders have to address.
 * Plunkett: It is a part of Boulder Flats. However, it is 1.9 miles to the northeast of Boulder Flats. It's population is included with that of Boulder Flats.
 * South Boulder Flats: It is a part of Boulder Flats. However, it is located 0.6 miles from the main part of Boulder Flats. It's population is included with that of Boulder Flats.
 * Crow Heart: According to the 2010 census, the population of Crowheart is 141. Crowheart covers 31.4 sq. mi. That is a large area Reservation leaders need to address. It is an ideal location to build new settlements.
 * Johnstown: According to the 2010 census, the population of Johnstown is 242. However, much of Johnstown is located off the south portion of the Reservation and has a large white population. Johnstown covers 31.1 sq. mi. It's an ideal location to build new settlements within the southern portion of the Reservation.
 * Wind River: Is is located adjacent to Fort Washakie but is a distinct community. I don't know what the population of Wind River is.
 * Alkali Lake: It is located just south of Wind River and north and east of Alkali Lake. I don't know what the population is.
 * Roy Lake: It is located to the southeast of Alkali Lake. It's housing units are located to the east and southeast of Roy Lake. I don't know what the population is.

Brief Timeline
A.D. 1851

The Fort Laramie Treaty established the territories of the various tribes under Algonquin subjugation. The area where the Wind River Reservation is located is within the territory of the Gros Ventre (the Crow who are an admixture of Algonquin and Lakota) who are a sub-tribe of the Algonquin's and are the northern most Arapahoes. In North Dakota, the Crow are known as the Hidatsa. The Hidatsa Tribe are also known as the Gros Ventre. The Gros Ventre are Algonquin.

A.D. 1868

On July 3, 1868 the Fort Bridger Treaty ended the Snake River War and set aside the Wind RIver Reservation for the Arapaho and other Indians who agreed to live there.

A.D. 1872

Through a probable shady deal the Brunot Cession further corrupted the tribes living on the Wind River Reservation. Arapaho leaders did not agree to cede the land.

A.D. 1897

An agreement is reached with the Arapaho in which Arapaho leaders agreed to set aside a 100 sq. mi. area for a tribal park. It is known as the Big Horn Hot Springs State Park. The United States did not honor the agreement with the Arapaho. The park is managed by the State of Wyoming. The corrupted actions of the United States angered Arapaho leaders.

A.D. 1904

An agreement was reached with non Arapaho leaders in which the Reservation was significantly reduced in size. The leader who signed the agreement was murdered by the Arapaho. The 1904 Wind RIver Reservation Land Act coincides with the United States ratifying the infamous Chippewa 10 cent an acre treaty, or the 1892 McCumber Agreement.

A.D. 1906

On August 15, 1906, the northern portion of Shoshone Reservation was opened to white settlement. Up to 1,000 Chippewas fled the Reservation.

Tribal Headquarters
Northern Arapaho Tribe 

533 Ethete Road

Ethete, Wyoming, 82520

Shoshone Tribe 

P.O. Box 158

Fort Washakie, Wyoming 82514

Records
Many of the records of individual Indians living on the Wind River Reservation were kept by the Wind River Agency of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Others are kept by the Tribal Office.

Land records: Tribal land: 1,776,136 acres. Allotted land 109,344 acres

Web Sites
Wind River Reservation -- description and history

www.northernarapaho.com/

www.shoshoneindian.com/wind_river_reservation.htm

www.windriverhistory.org/archives/treaty_docs/docs/1904-agreement.pdf