Hessian Soldiers

Background
The term Hessian Soldiers generally refers to German auxiliary troops hired by Great Britain to fight in the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) alongside British troops. At the commencement of the war, King George III of Great Britain needed additional troops to increase his fighting power. Former allies were contacted for help, and, following a common practice at the time, auxiliary troops from foreign countries were hired. The following six principalities within the Holy Roman Empire signed treaties with Great Britain to provide troops for the war: Hesse-Cassel, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Hesse-Hanau, Ansbach-Bayreuth, Waldeck and Anhalt-Zerbst. Over the course of the war, a total of about 30,000 troops came to North America. More than half of these came from Hesse, which led to all auxiliary troops being refereed to as Hessians, regardless of their true state of origin. It is estimated that of the roughly 30,000 Hessians who came to America, about 6,000 either deserted or were discharged and remained in the United States and Canada after the war. About 2,500 settled in Canada, the majority in Quebec and some also in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and present-day Ontario. The remainder settled in the United States, anywhere from the Canadian border south to Florida. Many settled in German-speaking areas in Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, and the Carolinas.

Online Records

 * 1776-1786 German Auxiliaries Muster Rolls, 1776-1786 (bulk 1781-1783) at William L. Clements Library - images; includes select muster rolls and other documents
 * 1777 List of Hessian Officers (Of the Convention) who signed Paroles at Cambridge 13 December 1777 at Library of Congress - images; images 6-8
 * 1777-1783 Ansbach Regiment Muster Lists; transcriptions
 * at FamilySearch — images; includes muster rolls

Brunswick field military parish registers


 * 1776-1783 Baptisms, marriages, burials, marriages index B-S and burials index A-Z 1776-1783 at Archion - images, ($); Infantry regiment von Riedesel
 * 1776-1783 Baptisms 1778-1781, baptisms index B-W 1776-1783 at Archion - images, ($); Infantry regiment von Riedesel
 * 1776-1783 Prince Friedrich Regiment with six companies: Baptisms, marriages and burials 1776-1783 at Archion - images, ($); includes companies von Stammer, Praetorius, von Hille, von Tunderfeld, Dietrichs, and von Zielberg.
 * 1776-1777 Dragoon Regiment: Baptisms, burials, communicants and marriages 1776-1777, von Berner Battalion: Baptisms, burials and marriages 1776-1777 at Archion - images, ($)

Coming Soon
 * Muster Rolls of Hessian units held at the Hessian State Archives in Marburg, made available by the Johannes Schwalm Historical Association (JSHA).
 * JSHA's Military and Naval Collection

Genealogies and Biographies Compiled by Others
Biographies and research summaries of many soldiers can be found in the following resources:


 * Registry of Researched Soldiers; list of soldiers whose military service and family histories have been researched and published or documented by the Johannes Schwalm Historical Association (JSHA)
 * German Soldiers of "OUR" Members and Others; list of researched soldiers with links or contact information, information submitted by members of the American Revolution Hessian (AMREV-HESSIAN) mailing list

Soldiers who settled in Canada


 * PDF (Personal Data Files) On Hessians; a selection of files of information about individual soldiers compiled by Johannes Helmut Merz
 * DeMarce, Virginia Easley. The settlement of former German auxiliary troops in Canada after the American Revolution Sparta, Wisconsin: Joy Reisinger, c.1984..
 * Merz, Johannes Helmut. The Hessians of Nova Scotia Hamilton, Ontario: German Canadian Historical Book Pub., c.1994..
 * Merz, Johannes Helmut. The Hessians of Upper Canada. Hamilton, Ontario: German Canadian Historical Book Pub., c.1997..

Name Lists and Indexes
Information about a soldier in the various name lists varies. In addition to the name, the following information may be included: town of origin, age, year of birth, rank, regiment, details about departure from service, and status.


 * 1500-1900 U.S. and Canada, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500-1900s at Ancestry - index, ($)
 * Smith, Clifford Neal. Cumulative surname index and soundex to monographs 1 through 12 of the German-American genealogical research series. McNeal, Arizona: Westland Publications, 1983..
 * Smith, Clifford Neal. Muster rolls and prisoner-of-war lists in American archival collections pertaining to the German mercenary troops who served with the British forces during the American Revolution . DeKalb, Illinois: Westland Publications, c.1976..
 * Westcott, Thompson. Names of persons who took the oath of allegiance to the State of Pennsylvania between the years 1777 and 1789 : with a history of the "test laws" of Pennsylvania. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1965. . Digital version at FamilySearch Digital Library.
 * 1777-1789 Names of Persons Who Took the Oath of Allegiance to the State of Pennsylvania Between the Years 1777 and 1789 at Ancestry - index, images ($)

Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Hanau, and Waldeck Troops


 * Hessian Troops in America (HETRINA) at LAGIS Hessen - index; database includes soldiers from Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Hanau and Waldeck
 * Smith, Clifford Neal. Annotated Hessian chaplaincy record of the American Revolution, 1776-1783; christenings, marriages, deaths. McNeal, Arizona: Westland Publications, c1994..
 * Smith, Clifford Neal. Notes on Hessian soldiers who remained in Canada and the United States after the American Revolution, 1775-1784. McNeal, Arizona: Westland Publications, c.1992, c.1996..
 * Smith, Clifford Neal. Mercenaries from Hessen-Hanau who remained in Canada and the United States after the American Revolution. DeKalb, Illinois: Westland Publications, c.1976..

Anhalt-Zerbst Troops


 * DeMarce, Virginia Easley. Mercenary troops from Anhalt-Zerbst, Germany, who served with the British forces during the American Revolution. McNeal, Arizona: Westland Publications, 1984. . This list is incomplete.

Ansbach-Bayreuth Troops


 * Complete list of those soldiers from the Ansbach-Bayreuth regiments who deserted or stayed in North America after the war List compiled by Jochen Seidel reprinted with permission on the AMREV-HESSIAN website.
 * Smith, Clifford Neal. Mercenaries from Ansbach and Bayreuth, Germany, who remained in America after the Revolution. McNeal, Arizona: Westland Publications, c1979..

Brunswick Troops


 * Reuter, Claus. Brunswick troops in North America, 1776-1783: index of all soldiers who remained in North America. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, c.1999..
 * Smith, Clifford Neal. Brunswick deserter-immigrants of the American Revolution. Thomson, Illinois: Heritage House, 1973..

Soldiers who settled in Canada


 * DeMarce, Virginia Easley. An annotated list of 317 former German soldiers who chose to remain in Canada after the American Revolution. DeMarce, 1981..
 * Merz, Johannes Helmut. Register of German military men who remained in Canada after the American Revolution. Hamilton, Ontario: German Canadian Historical Book Pub., 1997. . Digital version at FamilySearch Digital Library.

Associations and Mailing Lists
Find additional resources and helpful information from these associations and mailing lists dedicated to researching Hessian soldiers who remained in America.


 * AMREV-HESSIAN mailing list
 * Immigrant Genealogical Society Assists with searching the published HETRINA volumes.
 * Johannes Schwalm Historical Association

Church Records
Click on the name of the province or duchy to find lists of available online records as well as detailed information on searching church records in that locality. In addition to parishes of a soldier's home town, military parishes associated with a soldier's regiment may also provide records about an ancestor.


 * Anhalt
 * Bavaria (Bayern) Ansbach, Bayreuth
 * Brunswick (Braunschweig)
 * Hanover (Hannover)
 * Hesse-Nassau (Hessen-Nassau)
 * Hesse (Hessen)
 * Waldeck and Pyrmont

Archives
Canada
 * Library and Archives Canada - German collection

Germany
 * Hessian State Archives (Hessisches Landesarchiv)
 * Lower Saxony State Archive (Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv) - Wolfenbüttel
 * Saxony-Anhalt State Archive (Landesarchiv Sachsen-Anhalt) - Magdeburg

United States
 * The New York Public Library Archives & Manuscripts - The George Bancroft collection 1606-1887 includes diaries and other sources about the Hessian mercenaries