Essex Poor Law

An Act of Parliament in the year 1834 took the responsibility of administering to the poor from the local parish church to the doorstep of civil government. The government grouped each civil parish into a union of parishes. There were nearly 600 such unions throughout England, each one comprising close to 20 or more parishes, and were specifically setup to meet the demands of the poor among their local populations, with a workhouse on the premises. The responsibility was transferred from local parishes to a Board of Guardians in each union. These groupings or unions were known as poor-law unions. Essex had the following poorlaw unions within its boundaries:

The Poor Law Unions

 * Billericay Poor Law Union, Essex
 * Braintree Poor Law Union, Essex
 * Chelmsford Poor Law Union, Essex
 * Colchester Poor Law Union,Essex
 * Dunmow Poor Law Union,Essex
 * Epping Poor Law Union, Essex
 * Halstead Poor Law Union, Essex
 * West Ham Poor Law Union, Essex
 * Lexden and Winstree Poor Law Union, Essex
 * Maldon Poor Law Union, Essex
 * Ongar Poor Law Union, Essex
 * Orsett Poor Law Union, Essex
 * Rochford Poor Law Union, Essex
 * Romford Poor Law Union, Essex
 * Saffron Walden Poor Law Union, Essex
 * Tendring Poor Law Union, Essex
 * Witham Poor Law Union, Essex

The Records
Records from the poorlaw unions, which were created from this time forward include the following:


 * 1) Guardianship
 * 2) Creed Registers
 * 3) Rate books
 * 4) Workhouse Lists of Inmates
 * 5) Register of Apprentices
 * 6) Register of Births
 * 7) Register of Deaths
 * 8) Vestry Rate Books
 * 9) Admission and Discharge Registers
 * 10) Board of Guardians' Records

Records at The FamilySearch Library
To determine records availability for each poorlaw, search the FamilySearch Catalog under the name of the county (Essex), and then under the name of the poorlaw union, i.e. Colchester; then search under the term[s] "poorlaw" or "poorhouses".

As Parish pages are constructed to include film content descriptions it is hoped to avoid the need for searches in this way. It is intended that Essex Poor Law records will become available in future at FamilySearch Historical Records.

Records at Essex Record Office
The survival of records for Essex union varies but all deposited material is held at Essex Record Office. Since many Union Infimaries became Hospitals within the National Health Service and privacy rules operate for patient records the relevant Poor Law Union page will contain indications of such privacy restrictions on the release of data.

The Essex Record Office offers a research service (fee payable).

Pre-1834 Essex Record Office has 48 volumes of removal orders and settlement records covering the years 1651-1874. They are available on microfilm:

Essex Society for Family History has published the following indexes:
 * Essex poor law documents : apprenticeship indentures, bastardy bonds, indemnity bonds, removal orders, settlement papers : indexes 1574-1895
 * Name index to poor law settlement papers
 * Name index to poor law settlement papers (supplement)
 * Settlement Examinations, 1724-1843, in South-East Essex

Online Transcriptions Relating to Poorlaw Records
1) For more information on the history of the workhouse, see Peter Higginbotham's web site: www.workhouses.org.uk

2) Here's a general website providing data on approximately 10 percent of Essex's poor