Indian Reorganization Act

also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act

The Indian Reorganization Act was passed by the United States Congress on June 18, 1934. The major provision of this Act was to allow the American Indians to locally govern their affairs by a tribal government, established by a constitution and by-laws for each tribe. Within three years of the passage of this act, many of the tribes created their own tribal governments. The effect of this act was to return to the tribes the management of their own tribal affairs, such as ownership and transfer of title to land, the keeping of records of vital events occurring on the reservations, the establishment of their own police and court systems, and setting the terms of enrollment in their tribe. Some provisions of the Act were defined as not applying to certain tribes, particularly many in Oklahoma. (See Section 13 of the Act for the specific exclusions.) Section 19 of the Act also defined what is meant by the terms “Indian” and “tribe.”

Indian Reorganization Act and Amendments of 1935