United States Census Substitutes

If a census was not taken, if a census is missing, or if it is hard to find a particular ancestor in a census, it may be good to look around for census substitutes. Some census records have been "reconstructed" by the use of substitutes. The following records are often used for census substitutes:


 * Tax records
 * City directories
 * Maps (especially plat and insurance maps)
 * Voting registers