Manitoba Cultural Groups

Black Canadians
Many Black people migrated to Canada in search of work and became porters with the railroad companies in Ontario, Quebec, and the Western provinces or worked in mines in the Maritimes. Between 1909 and 1911 over 1500 migrated from Oklahoma as farmers and moved to Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta.
 * Black History Library and Archives Canada

First Nations
As of July 2014, there were 148,455 registered First Nation members in Manitoba. A total of 88,076 members (59.3 per cent) lived on reserves. Manitoba is second only to Ontario in terms of total on-reserve population and in total First Nation population. Manitoba has 63 First Nations, including six of the 20 largest bands in Canada. Twenty-three First Nations are not accessible by an all-weather road. This accounts for more than half of all Manitoba First Nations people who live on reserve. There are five First Nations linguistic groups in Manitoba: Cree, Ojibway, Dakota, Ojibway-Cree and Dene.
 * First Nations in Manitoba, Library and Archives Canada
 * Indian Tribes of Manitoba, Native American Nations, Your Source for Indian Research
 * Urban Reserves in Manitoba, Library and Archives Canada

Icelandic
"In 1875, the eruption of the Askja volcano was the incentive for the migration of twenty percent of Iceland's population to North America. As Winnipeg became the most popular destination for Icelanders, the town's population reached 7,000 people during the 1880s. To this day, Manitoba remains North America's centre for Icelandic culture and activities. The localities of Gimli, New Iceland, Riverton, Lundar, Morden, Lakeview, Erickson, Baldur, Arborg, and Glenboro are known for their Icelandic cultural influence."
 * Icelandic Genealogy and Family History Library and Archives of Canada

Mennonites

 * Mennonite Genealogy and Family History Library and Archives Canada
 * Mennonites and Amish in Canada Church Records
 * Composite Index of Heads of Household in the Mennonite Church Records of the Bergthal Gemeinde, Chortitzer Gemeinde, Reinlaender Gemeinde, Sommerfelder Gemeinde and Kleine Gemeinde
 * Sommerfeld Gemeinde Buch: Cumulative Index - Volumes 1-5
 * 1881-1896 - Mennonite Immigration Quebec Passenger Lists 1881-96
 * 1900-1914 - Mennonite Passengers 1900-1914
 * Ursachen und Geschichte der Auswanderung der Mennoniten aus Rußland nach Amerika
 * The Mennonites in Manitoba, 1875-1900 : a review of their coming, their progress, and their present prosperity

A large wave of Mennonites from Ukraine were the first settlers to arrive in the new province of Manitoba in 1870. Within the next decade, more than 7,000 settled the regions of the East Reserve and West Reserve.

The Dominion Lands Act of 1872, which granted inexpensive and free land to settlers, the aggressive immigration policy publicized in Central Europe, and the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway all contributed to furthering the establishment of Mennonite communities in Central and Western Canada. Over the last century, both the First World War, chiefly the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, and the Second World War encouraged the mass migration of conscientious objectors to settle in North America.

Today, almost 200,000 Mennonites call Canada home. In 2010, the largest urban concentration of Mennonites was located in Winnipeg (20,000) making it one of the largest Mennonite cities in the world.

Métis

 * Métis Nation  Government of Canada
 * Métis Wikipedia
 * Métis Genealogy Library and Archives Canada
 * Voyageur Contracts Database Approximately 35,900 fur trade contracts signed in front of Montréal notaries between 1714 and 1830.
 * Hudson's Bay Company Archives
 * Resources
 * Name Indexes
 * Metis Population from 2001 and Metis Population from 2006 Census Maps
 * Genealogy of the First Metis Nation: the development and dispersal of the Red River Settlement, 1820-1900. WorldCatby D.N. Sprague and R.P.Frye: Winnipeg: Pemmican Publication, c. 1983. FHL Book 971.27 D2s


 * The Métis are a multi ancestral indigenous group whose homeland is in Canada and parts of the United States between the Great Lakes region and the Rocky Mountains. The Métis trace their descent to both Indigenous North Americans and European settlers (primarily French). Not all people of mixed Indigenous and Settler descent are Métis, as the Métis are a distinct group of people with a distinct culture and language. Since the late 20th century, the Métis in Canada have been recognized as a distinct Indigenous people under the Constitution Act of 1982 and have a population of 587,545 as of 2016.
 * During the height of the North American fur trade in New France from 1650 onward, many French and British fur traders married First Nations and Inuit women, mainly Cree, Ojibwa, or Saulteaux located in the Great Lakes area and later into the north west.
 * The majority of these fur traders were French and Scottish; the French majority were Catholic.
 * These marriages are commonly referred to as marriage à la façon du pays or marriage according to the "custom of the country."
 * At first, the Hudson's Bay Company officially forbade these relationships. However, many Indigenous peoples actively encouraged them, because they drew fur traders into Indigenous kinship circles, creating social ties that supported the economic relationships developing between them and Europeans. When Indigenous women married European men, they introduced them to their people and their culture, taught them about the land and its resources, and worked alongside them. Indigenous women paddled and steered canoes, made moccasins out of moose skin, netted webbing for snowshoes, skinned animals and dried their meat.
 * The children of these marriages were often introduced to Catholicism, but grew up in primarily First Nations societies. As adults, the men often worked as fur-trade company interpreters, as well as fur trappers in their turn.
 * Many of the first generations of Métis lived within the First Nations societies of their wives and children, but also started to marry Métis women.
 * By the early 19th century, marriage between European fur traders and First Nations or Inuit women started to decline as European fur traders began to marry Métis women instead, because Métis women were familiar with both white and Indigenous cultures, and could interpret.

Scottish Immigrants

 * Scottish Genealogy and Family History
 * Flight of the Highlanders: The Making of Canada
 * '''Orcadians in the Red River Settlement Census of 1827, settlers from the Orkney Islands

Scottish immigration to Canada continued into the twentieth century and increased the Scottish population to over 1 million by 1930. Most of these later Scottish migrants were farmers and farm labourers coming from the Lowland regions, while fewer Highlanders emigrated during that period. There were also many more industrial workers coming after 1900, many in the iron and steel industries. The primary destination for this later settlement of Scots was western Canada, with Manitoba receiving the largest numbers. After the First World War, many Scots were able to gain passage to Canada under the Empire Settlement Act. Immigration from Scotland to Canada continued in large numbers throughout the twentieth century and between 1945 and 1993 approximately 260,000 settled in Canada. Today, there are approximately 4 million Canadians of Scottish heritage.

Ukrainian Immigrants

 * Ukrainian Immigrant Genealogy Resources Library and Archives Canada
 * Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre
 * 1890-1930 - Search: Immigrants from Ukraine (1890-1930)
 * 1898-1922 - Immigrants from the Russian Empire, 1898-1922

Approximately 150,000 Ukrainian immigrants arrived between 1891 and 1914. Most Ukrainian immigrants of this period were identified on government records as arriving from their respective provinces in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as Poles, Russians, or Austrians. The vast majority of these immigrants settled in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta where they obtained land to farm. Others who preferred industrial occupations settled in various towns in Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, and British Columbia.