Virginia Land and Property

United States   U.S. Land and Property   Virginia    Land and Property



Colonial and State Land Grants
Virginia has been a state-land state in which property has been distributed by the colony or state rather than the federal government. Various methods of distributing land have been used.

The Virginia Company of London, incorporated in 1606, granted land patents to settlers until 1623. These early patents have been lost or destroyed; however, much information on the persons (and their descendants) who received these patents is found in the John F. Dorman's source listed in the Virginia Genealogy and Virginia Public Records sections.

In 1623 the Virginia Land Company was dissolved, and the crown then distributed land through the office of the secretary of the colony. Land grants from this office were given in two ways—to those who brought persons to Virginia (headright grants) or to persons who paid money into the treasury (purchases).

Headright grants were issued from about 1618 to 1732. A person was given a patent for a certain number of acres (usually 50 per person) for himself, his wife, servants, slaves, or any other passengers for whom he provided passage. This system was abused by some people who went to different counties and claimed the same persons for headright grants. The grants are listed in volumes.

After the Virginia Company was dissolved, settlers could purchase patents (grants) through a clerk of the county until 1921. (See .)

Land Grant Process
Obtaining a Patent. A settler petitioned a clerk of the county for a patent. The clerk made out a warrant certificate that was sent to the secretary of the colony where it was recorded, and a second certificate was made authorizing a survey. The surveyor sent his survey plat to the office of the surveyor-general which was established in 1623. The survey plat was returned to the secretary of the colony, and the original or a copy was kept by the surveyor-general's office. The secretary then made out the patent from the survey plat. The patent was approved by the council and governor.

After Receiving a Patent. After receiving a patent, the settler was required to build a house and plant crops. If this was not done in three years, the land reverted to the crown or the state and could be granted to someone else.

The individual who received a patent could sell it to someone else. In this case, the name of the second buyer was often written on the back of the patent and was recorded by the secretary of the colony's office or, after 1623, in the county court records.

Records
Finding the Records. Lists of headright grants and the names of persons brought to Virginia from 1623 to 1732 were recorded in the county court records and in the secretary of the colony's records. The Library of Virginia has these records as well as other grant records and various card indexes. The Family History Library has microfilm copies of:

Patents, 1623-1774, 42 volumes; Index, Land Patents, [to] volumes 1-42. . See below for 1775-1776 and 1779-1781.

Grants, 1779-1921; index, land grants, bks 740124, ca 1825-1921,. Includes patents from 1775-1776, 1779-1781. Includes Land grants 1779-1921.

Northern Neck Grants, 1690-1862. Index, Northern Neck Grants, 1690-1874. .

Northern Neck Surveys, 1786-1854. On 9 Family History Library films beginning with film 29533,. Each volume is indexed.

Surveys, 1779-1878; index, land surveys, 1779-1924. .

Bounty warrants, 1779-1860. . The warrants are in alphabetical order. These are bounty land claim papers and may include affidavits giving service information, assignment of warrant to another person, enlistment date and place, discharge or death information, petitions from heirs, and the dates when bounty land was allowed or rejected.


 * Register, Bounty Land Warrants, numbers 5479-9914; March 20, 1808-March 11, 1870..
 * Register, Military Warrants numbers 1321-1553, 4057-5478; and preemption warrants 1783-1787..

Abstracts
Headright grants and land patents to 1800 have been indexed and published in:


 * Nugent, Nell Marion. Cavaliers and Pioneers: Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants. 8 vols. Richmond, Va.: Dietz Print.: Virginia State Library: Virginia Genealogical Society, 1934-2005. . Volume 1 has been digitized by Ancestry ($) and Internet Archive - free. Helps determine residence, immigrants, and sometimes relationships.

Northern Neck Proprietors maintained their own records:


 * Gray, Gertrude E. Virginia Northern Neck Land Grants. (1694-1862) 4 vols. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1987-1993..
 * Joyner, Peggy Shomo. Abstracts of Virginia's Northern Neck Warrants and Surveys. (1653-1781) 5 vols. Portsmouth, Va.: P.S. Joyner, 1985-1987, 1995..

The Family History Library has several other publications of Virginia land records. These include lists of pre-Revolutionary landowners that have been transcribed and published in:


 * Foley, Louise P. H. Early Virginia Families Along the James River. . . . Two Volumes. Richmond, Virginia: Louise P. H. Foley, 1974. . Helps locate pre-revolutionary families in Henrico, Goochland, Prince George, and Charles City counties.
 * Virginia Military Bounty Land in the Northwest Territory. Signal Mountain, Tenn.: Mountain Press, 2010. Free online surname index and purchase details at Mountain Press website. [Identifies Virginia Revolutionary War Patriots who received bounty land in the "Territory North of the River Ohio."]

Reprints and an index of many colonial land records dating from the 1600s to 1834 that were originally published in periodicals are in:


 * Virginia Land Records: From the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, the William and Mary College Quarterly, and Tyler's Quarterly. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing, 1982. . See Virginia Genealogy and Virginia Periodicals for information about these periodicals.

Land Taxes
A useful guide to Virginia landowners in the early nineteenth-century, based on tax records, is:


 * Ward, Roger G. 1815 Directory of Virginia Landowners and Gazetteer. 6 vols. Athens, Ga.: Iberian Pub. Co., 1997-2000..

The Virginia Taxation article provides further information about quitrent and other records that help identify Virginia landowners.

History
For a history of early land companies and policies, see:


 * Robinson, W. Stitt. Mother Earth—Land Grants in Virginia, 1607-1699. Williamsburg: 350th Anniversary Celebration Corp., 1957..

Transfers of Land between Individuals
Land transactions after the original patent was issued have been recorded in county deed books. Many independent cities in Virginia also kept their own records. The original deed books are kept in courthouses. You can obtain copies by contacting the appropriate clerk's office—usually the clerk of the circuit court.

The Family History Library has microfilm copies of most pre-1880 deed books and indexes.